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Proto-Carpathian: Difference between revisions
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Proto-Carpathian vowel inventory was almost identical to the Proto-Oronaic one having a large vowel inventory due to the vowel harmony and a distinct vowel length. Reduced vowels were also present and probably also developed new vowel harmony counterparts, though most of those distinctions are erased in modern languages. Here is a reconstruction of full vowels. | Proto-Carpathian vowel inventory was almost identical to the Proto-Oronaic one having a large vowel inventory due to the vowel harmony and a distinct vowel length. Reduced vowels were also present and probably also developed new vowel harmony counterparts, though most of those distinctions are erased in modern languages. Here is a reconstruction of full vowels. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
|+Middle Proto-Carpathian | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=3 | | ! rowspan=3 | | ||
| Line 44: | Line 45: | ||
| öö /øː/ | | öö /øː/ | ||
| ë /ɤ/ | | ë /ɤ/ | ||
| ëë | | ëë /ɤː/ | ||
| o /o/ | | o /o/ | ||
| oo /o/ | | oo /o/ | ||
| Line 59: | Line 60: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Vowel *a /ɑ/ resulted from a secondary development and can give irregular results in daughter languages, for example: ''*tálu'' ("high") became ''tālu'' in West Carpathian and ''tallo'' in East Carpathian, but ''tolu'' in South Carpathian. | Vowel *a /ɑ/ resulted from a secondary development and can give irregular results in daughter languages, for example: ''*tálu'' ("high") became ''tālu'' in West Carpathian and ''tallo'' in East Carpathian, but ''tolu'' in South Carpathian (*a merged with *o into *a in Early Proto-Carpathian and shifted into *o later). Vowel *ä, unlike its back counterpart, failed to shift into *e before some consonant clusters and remained distinct from *e. | ||
Like in Proto-Oronaic, four reduced vowels were present, marked as *ə<sub>1</sub>, *ə<sub>2</sub>, *ə<sub>3</sub> and *ə<sub>4</sub>, which probably still remained an allophone of *ə<sub>3</sub> The actual realization of them is a question of not known precisely: vowel harmony also applied to those reduced vowels with *ə<sub>1</sub>-*ə<sub>2</sub>, *ë-*ə<sub>4</sub> and *ə<sub>3</sub>-*ə<sub>4</sub> contrasts. Most scholars analize them as following: | Like in Proto-Oronaic, four reduced vowels were present, marked as *ə<sub>1</sub>, *ə<sub>2</sub>, *ə<sub>3</sub> and *ə<sub>4</sub>, which probably still remained an allophone of *ə<sub>3</sub> The actual realization of them is a question of not known precisely: vowel harmony also applied to those reduced vowels with *ə<sub>1</sub>-*ə<sub>2</sub>, *ë-*ə<sub>4</sub> and *ə<sub>3</sub>-*ə<sub>4</sub> contrasts. Most scholars analize them as following: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
|+Middle Proto-Carpathian | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | | ! rowspan=2 | | ||
| Line 82: | Line 84: | ||
| ə<sub>4</sub> /ɞ/ | | ə<sub>4</sub> /ɞ/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
The table below represents vowels of an earlier stage of Proto-Carpathian: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+Early Proto-Carpathian | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | | |||
! colspan=4 | Front | |||
! colspan=4 | Back | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | Unrounded | |||
! colspan=2 | Rounded | |||
! colspan=2 | Unrounded | |||
! colspan=2 | Rounded | |||
|- | |||
! Short | |||
! Long | |||
! Short | |||
! Long | |||
! Short | |||
! Long | |||
! Short | |||
! Long | |||
|- | |||
! Close | |||
| i /i/ | |||
| ii /iː/ | |||
| ü /y/ | |||
| üü /yː/ | |||
| ï /ɯ/ | |||
| | |||
| u /u/ | |||
| uu /uː/ | |||
|- | |||
! Mid | |||
| e /e/ | |||
| ee /eː/ | |||
| ö /ø/ | |||
| öö /øː/ | |||
| ë /ɤ/ | |||
| ëë /ɤː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Open | |||
| ä /æ/ | |||
| ää /æː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| a /ɑ/ | |||
| a /ɑː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
The consonant inventory was different from Proto-Oronaic, generally being larger in Proto-Carpathian. Like modern Alpian languages it had a voiced-voiceless contrast as well as a plain-geminated one. [[w:Consonant gradation|Consonant gradation]] applied to most of these consonants. [[w:Palatalization|Palatalization]] was present in Proto-Carpathian and mostly resulted from consonant clusters with /j/, but some are of a Proto-Oronaic origin. | The consonant inventory was different from Proto-Oronaic, generally being larger in Proto-Carpathian. Like modern Alpian languages it had a voiced-voiceless contrast as well as a plain-geminated one. [[w:Consonant gradation|Consonant gradation]] applied to most of these consonants. [[w:Palatalization|Palatalization]] was present in Proto-Carpathian and mostly resulted from consonant clusters with /j/, but some are of a Proto-Oronaic origin. | ||