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Sharqi (view source)

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III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
-->
-->
{{Infobox language
|name = Sharqi
|nativename = Af Sharqi
|pronunciation = ǽf ʃɑ́rqɪ
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|region = East Africa
<!--
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = -->
|date = 2022
|familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
|fam1 = [[w:Afro-Asiatic_languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Semitic_languages|Semitic]]
|fam3 = [[w:South_Semitic_languages|South Semitic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Ethiopian_Semitic_languages|Ethiopian Semitic]]
<!--
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 = -->
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
<!--
|agency        = -->
}}
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Sharqi is an Ethiopian Semitic language heavily inspired by Somali.
Sharqi is an Ethiopian Semitic language heavily inspired by Somali.
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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Af Sharqi consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" |
! Labial
! Dental/<br />Alveolar
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Uvular
! Pharyngeal
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''''m'''''
| '''''n'''''
| |
|('''''ny''''' /ɲ/)
| || || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop consonant
! voiceless
|
| '''''t''''' /t̪/
| ||
| '''''k'''''
| '''''q'''''
|
| ''''' ' '''''/ʔ/
|-
! voiced
| '''''b'''''
| '''''d''''' /d̪/
| '''''dh''''' /ɖ/
|
| '''''ɡ'''''
| || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
| ||
|
| || || || ||
|-
! voiced
| ||
| '''''j''''' /dʒ/
| || || || ||
|-
! colspan="2"|Fricative
| '''''f'''''
| '''''s'''''
| '''''sh''''' /ʃ/
|
|
| '''''kh''''' /x̠~χ/
| '''''x''''' /ħ/
| '''''h'''''
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
|
| '''''l'''''
|
| '''''y''''' /j/
| '''''w'''''
|
| '''''c''''' /ʕ/ ||
|-
! colspan="2" | Trill
|
| '''''r''''' /r~ɾ/
| || || || || ||
|}
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Line 46: Line 144:
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Personal Pronouns====
====Personal Pronouns====
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Af Sharqi personal pronouns
|+ Af Sharqi personal pronouns
Line 53: Line 152:
! Stressed !! Unstressed !! Subject !! Object !! Independent !! Dependent
! Stressed !! Unstressed !! Subject !! Object !! Independent !! Dependent
|-
|-
| <center>1S</center> || <center>aníga</center> || <center>an(í)</center> ||<center>aan</center> || <center>-ni</center> || <center>káy(ga)/táy(da)</center> || <center>-ay/ya</center>
| <center>1S</center> || <center>aníga</center> || <center>an(í)</center> ||<center>aan</center> || <center>-ni/-ay</center> || <center>káy(ga)/táy(da)</center> || <center>-ay/ya</center>
|-
|-
| <center>2S</center> || <center>adíga</center> ||  <center>ad(í)</center> || <center>aad</center> || <center>-(a)g</center> || <center>kág(ga)/tág(ta)</center> || <center>-(a)g</center>
| <center>2S</center> || <center>antíga</center> ||  <center>ant(í)</center> || <center>aad</center> || <center>-(a)g</center> || <center>kág(ga)/tág(ta)</center> || <center>-(a)g</center>
|-
|-
| <center>3SM</center> || <center>nusúga</center> || <center>nus(ú)</center> || <center>uu</center> || <center>-aw/-hu</center> || <center>káw(ga)/táw(da)</center> ||  <center>-aw/hu</center>  
| <center>3SM</center> || <center>nusúga</center> || <center>nus(ú)</center> || <center>uu</center> || <center>-aw/-hu</center> || <center>káw(ga)/táw(da)</center> ||  <center>-aw/hu</center>  
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| <center>3SF</center> || <center>nisáda</center> || <center>nis(á)</center> ||<center>ay</center> || <center>-(h)aad</center> || <center>káad(a)/táad(a)</center> || <center>-(h)aad</center>
| <center>3SF</center> || <center>nisáda</center> || <center>nis(á)</center> ||<center>ay</center> || <center>-(h)aad</center> || <center>káad(a)/táad(a)</center> || <center>-(h)aad</center>
|-
|-
| <center>1P</center> || <center>innága </center> || <center>inná</center> || <center>ayn/aan</center> || <center>-(a)n</center> || <center>kán(na)/tán(na)</center> || <center>-(a)n</center>  
| <center>1P</center> || <center>innága </center> || <center>inná</center> || <center>inna/aan</center> || <center>-(a)n</center> || <center>kán(na)/tán(na)</center> || <center>-(a)n</center>  
|-
|-
| <center>2P</center> || <center>idínka</center> || <center>idín</center> || <center>aydin/aad</center> || <center>-kúun</center> || <center>kugúun(na)/tugúun(na)</center> || <center>-uguún/kuún</center>  
| <center>2P</center> || <center>intínka</center> || <center>intín</center> || <center>intin/aad</center> || <center>-kúun</center> || <center>kugúun(na)/tugúun(na)</center> || <center>-uguún/kuún</center>  
|-
|-
| <center>3P</center> || <center>nisínka</center> || <center>nisín</center> || <center>uu</center> || <center>-(h)úun</center> || <center>kúun(na)/túun(na)</center> ||  <center>-(h)úun</center>
| <center>3P</center> || <center>nisínka</center> || <center>nisín</center> || <center>uun/uu</center> || <center>-(h)úun</center> || <center>kúun(na)/túun(na)</center> ||  <center>-(h)úun</center>
|-
|-
| <center>IMP</center> || <center>–</center> || <center>–</center> || <center>sab</center> || <center>–</center> || <center>–</center> || <center>–</center>
| <center>IMP</center> || <center>–</center> || <center>–</center> || <center>sab</center> || <center>–</center> || <center>–</center> || <center>–</center>
|-
|-
| <center>REF</center> || <center>nis- <br />''(+ poss.)''</center> || <center>–</center> || <center>–</center> || <center>nis</center> || <center>–</center> || <center>–</center>
| <center>REF</center> || <center>nis- <br />''(+ poss.)''</center> || <center>–</center> || <center>–</center> || <center>nis</center> || <center>–</center> || <center>–</center>
|}-->


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Af Sharqi personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2"|  !! colspan="2"| Independent !! colspan="2"| Clitic !! rowspan="2"| Possessive
|-
! Stressed !! Unstressed !! Subject !! Object
|-
! 1S
| aní(ga) || an(i) || aan || ni || káy(ga)/táy(da)
|-
!2S
| adí(ga) ||  ad(i) || aad || ki || kaág(a)/taág(a)
|-
!3SM
| nusú(ga) || nus(u) || aw || — || kaẃ(ga)/taẃ(da)
|-
!3SF
| nisá(da) || nis(a) || ay || — || kaád(a)/taád(a)
|-
!1P
| inná(ga) || inna || ayna/aan || na || kaán(a)/taán(a)
|-
! 2P
| idín(ka) || idin || aydin/aad || kin || kiín(a)/tiín(a)
|-
! 3P
| nisín(ka) || nisin || awn/aw || — || kuún(a)/tuún(a)
|-
|}
|}
Additionally, there is an impersonal subject pronoun ''sow'' used to form the pseudopassive, and a reflexive object pronoun ''nis'' used to form the reflexive and reciprocal.
''Nis'' can also be used emphatically, in which case it takes possessive suffixes - e.g. ''niskayga'' "myself".


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Stem 1====
====Stem 1====
Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect.
Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. <!--The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect.-->
*''FCL'' is used as the generic verb (with ''qadal'' "kill" as the example verb).
*''F-C-L'' is used as the generic verb stem (with ''qadal'' "kill" as the example verb).
**''F'': first root consonant
**''F'': first root consonant
**''C'': second root consonant (for geminated or quadriliteral verbs, this represents the middle two consonants)
**''C'': second root consonant (for geminated or quadriliteral verbs, this represents the middle two consonants)
**''L'': third root consonant
**''L'': third root consonant
**(''vowel''): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics. Sometimes unpredictable.
**(''vowel''): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics. Sometimes unpredictable.
*Before a suffix beginning in a vowel, the ''a'' in ''-aL'' in the perfect and imperfect is dropped (if applicable and allowed). This is represented with square brackets (i.e. ''[a]'').
<!--
*The ''(a/i)'' after ''F'' is dropped if possible, even if phonotactics require the ''F'' to be changed - e.g. ''katab'' "he wrote", ''ay tigtib'' "do not write". On the other hand, the ''(a/i)'' or ''[a]'' after ''C'' is generally dropped only if that will lead to no consonant changes - e.g. ''yikatabuu'' "they write" (not ''*yikadbuu'').
*Before a suffix beginning in a vowel, the ''a'' in ''-aL'' in the perfect and imperfect is dropped (if applicable and allowed). This is represented with square brackets (i.e. ''[a]''). -->
*The ''(a/i)'' after ''F'' is dropped if possible, even if phonotactics require the ''F'' to be changed - e.g. ''katab'' "he wrote", ''ay tigtib'' "do not write". On the other hand, the ''(a/i)'' or ''[a]'' after ''C'' is generally dropped only if that will lead to no consonant changes - e.g. ''yikatabúun'' "they write" (not ''*yikadbúun'').
<!--
:e.g. ''sabar'' "he broke" + ''-ag'' "you (object)" → ''sabrag'' "he broke you" (not *''sabarag'')
:e.g. ''sabar'' "he broke" + ''-ag'' "you (object)" → ''sabrag'' "he broke you" (not *''sabarag'')
::BUT ''baddal'' "he changed" + ''-ag'' → ''baddalag'' "he changed you" (*''baddlag'' violates phonotactics).
::BUT ''baddal'' "he changed" + ''-ag'' → ''baddalag'' "he changed you" (*''baddlag'' violates phonotactics).
-->
*If the vowel in the bracket has an acute accent, that means it takes the accent if it is present, otherwise the preceding vowel (indicated with a grave accent) takes the accent.
*Some verbs have ''aa'' after the first root consonant instead of ''a'' - e.g. ''baarag'' "bless". In this case, it is never dropped. Any high tones that would apply to ''a'' are applied to the second ''a'' of ''aa'' (i.e. ''aá'').
*Some verbs have ''aa'' after the first root consonant instead of ''a'' - e.g. ''baarag'' "bless". In this case, it is never dropped. Any high tones that would apply to ''a'' are applied to the second ''a'' of ''aa'' (i.e. ''aá'').
*The infinitive takes the form ''FáCL(i)'' if the cluster ''CL'' is not forbidden (with the ''-i'' inserted if ''C'' is not ''y'' or ''w''). If it is forbidden, the infinitive takes the form ''FáCaL''.
*The infinitive takes the form ''FáCL(i)'' if the cluster ''CL'' is not forbidden (with the ''-i'' inserted if ''C'' is not ''y'' or ''w''). If it is forbidden, the infinitive takes the form ''FáCaL''.
 
*In the second person plural imperfect, sandhi applies to ''-k-''.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
|+ Stem 1
|+ Stem 1
! colspan="5" | Infinitive (''m.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FáC(a)L(i)'''''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qádli''</span></center>
! colspan="5" | Infinitive (''m.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FáC(a)L(i)'''''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qádli''</span></center>
|-
|-
! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''máF(a)CaL/FaCLíd''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''máqdal/qadlíd''</span></center>
! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''màF(á)CaL/FaCLíd''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''máqdal/qadlíd''</span></center>
|-
|-
! colspan="5" | Agent (''m.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FaCaáli''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qadaáli''</span></center>
! colspan="5" | Agent (''m.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FaCaáli''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qadaáli''</span></center>
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! colspan="5" | Agent (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FaCaalíd''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qadaalíd''</span></center>
! colspan="5" | Agent (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FaCaalíd''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qadaalíd''</span></center>
|-
|-
!  !! colspan="2" | Imperfect !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Perfect !! colspan="2" | Gerundive !! colspan="2" | Imperative !! colspan="2" | Jussive
!  !! colspan="2" | Imperfect !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Perfect affirm. !! colspan="2" | Perfect neg. !! colspan="2" | Imperative !! colspan="2" | Jussive
|-
!1S
| '''''iFaCaL''''' || ''iqadal''|| '''''iF(i)CiL''''' || ''iqdil''|| '''''FaC(a)Lay''''' || ''qadlay''|| rowspan="7"|'''''FaC(a)Lan''''' || rowspan="7"|''qadlan''||'''''ìF(á)CaL''''' || ''íqdal'' || '''''ìF(á)CaL''''' || ''íqdal''
|-
|-
| <center>1S</center> || <center>'''''iFaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''iqad[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''iF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''iqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCaLku'''''</center> || <center>''qadalku''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCiíLay'''''</center> || <center>''qadiílay''</center>||<center>'''''íF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''íqdal''</center> || <center>'''''íF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''íqdal''</center>
!2S
| '''''tiFaCaL''''' || ''tiqadal''|| '''''tiF(i)CiL''''' || ''tiqdil''|| '''''FaC(a)Lag''''' || ''qadlag''||'''''FíCaL''''' || ''qídal'' || '''''tìF(á)CaL''''' || ''tíqdal''
|-
|-
| <center>2S</center> || <center>'''''tiFaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''tiqad[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaCaLka'''''</center> || <center>''qadalka''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiíLag'''''</center> || <center>''qadiílag''</center>|| <center>'''''FíCaL'''''</center> || <center>''qídal''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(i)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdal''</center>
!3SM
| '''''yiFaCaL''''' || ''yiqadal''|| '''''yiF(i)CiL''''' || ''yiqdil''|| '''''FaC(a)Law''''' || ''qadlaw''||'''''yìF(á)CaL''''' || ''yíqdal'' || '''''yìF(á)CaL''''' || ''yíqdal''
|-
|-
| <center>3SM</center> || <center>'''''yiFaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''yiqad[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''qad[a]l''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiíLaw'''''</center> || <center>''qadiílaw''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdal''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdal''</center>
!3SF
| '''''tiFaCaL''''' || ''tiqadal''|| '''''tiF(i)CiL''''' || ''tiqdil''|| '''''FaC(a)Lad''''' || ''qadlad''||'''''tìF(á)CaL''''' || ''tíqdal'' || '''''tìF(á)CaL''''' || ''tíqdal''
|-
|-
| <center>3SF</center> || <center>'''''tiFaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''tiqad[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaC(a)Lad'''''</center> || <center>''qadlad''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiíLaad'''''</center> || <center>''qadiílaad''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdal''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdal''</center>
!1P
| '''''niFaCaL''''' || ''niqadal''|| '''''niF(i)CiL''''' || ''niqdil''|| '''''FaC(a)Lan''''' || ''qadlan''||'''''nìF(á)CaL''''' || ''níqdal'' || '''''nìF(á)CaL''''' || ''níqdal''
|-
|-
| <center>1P</center> || <center>'''''niFaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''niqad[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''niF(i)CíL'''''</center> ||  <center>''niqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCaLna'''''</center> || <center>''qadalna''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiíLan'''''</center> || <center>''qadiílan''</center>|| <center>'''''níF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''níqdal''</center>|| <center>'''''níF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''níqdal''</center>
!2P
| '''''tiFaC(a)Lúun''''' || ''tiqadlúun''|| '''''tiF(i)CiLúun''''' || ''tiqdilúun''|| '''''FaCaLkúun''''' || ''qadalkúun''||'''''FìC(á)Lo''''' || ''qídlu'' || '''''tiF(a)CaLúun''''' || ''tiqdalúun''
|-
|-
| <center>2P</center> || <center>'''''tiFaC(a)Lúun'''''</center> || <center>''tiqadlúun''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CiLúun'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdilúun''</center>||<center>'''''FaCaLkúun'''''</center> || <center>''qadalkúun''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLkúun'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilkúun''</center>|| <center>'''''FíC(i)Lu'''''</center> || <center>''qídlu''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CiLúun'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdilúun''</center>
!3P
| '''''yiFaC(a)Lúun''''' || ''yiqadlúun''|| '''''yiF(i)CiLúun''''' || ''yiqdilúun''|| '''''FaC(a)Lúun''''' ||''qadlúun''||'''''yiF(a)CaLúun''''' ||''yiqdalúun'' || '''''yiF(a)CaLúun''''' || ''yiqdalúun''
|-
|-
| <center>3P</center> || <center>'''''yiFaC(a)Lúun'''''</center> || <center>''yiqadlúún''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CiLuú'''''</center> ||  <center>''yiqdilúun''</center>||<center>'''''FaC(a)Lúun'''''</center> || <center>''qadlúun''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLúun'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilúun''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CiLúun'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdilúun''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CiLúun'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdilúun''</center>
<!--|-
| <center>IMP</center> || <center>'''''yiFaC(a)Las'''''</center> || <center>''yiqadlas''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíLas'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdílas''</center>|| <center>'''''FáC(a)Las'''''</center> || <center>''qádlas''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiíLays'''''</center> || <center>''qadiílays''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiLas'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdilas''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiLas'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdilas''</center>-->
|}
|}


There are various modifications depending on the root consonants:
There are various modifications depending on the root consonants:
*If ''F'' is:-
*If ''F'' is:-
**w: ''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''iw'' becoming ''uu'' - e.g. ''yuwadad'' "he loves" (from ''*yiwadad'').
**w:  
**y: ''iy'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''al tiibas'' "she/it does not dry" (from ''*tiybas'').
***''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''uw'' becoming ''uu'' before a consonant. If the following syllable has the vowel ''i'', it also becomes ''u'' - e.g. ''al yuudud'' "he does not love" (from ''*yiwdid'').
**'/Ø: ''i'' is dropped - e.g. ''yaaman'' "he believes" (from ''*yi(')aaman'').
***The sequence ''uwa'' is further simplified to ''oo'' - e.g. ''yoodad'' "he loves" (from ''*yuwadad'' < ''*yiwadad'').
**y:  
***''iy'' becomes ''ii'' before a consonant - e.g. ''al tiibis'' "she/it does not dry" (from ''*tiybis'').  
***The sequence ''iya'' is simplified to ''ee'' - e.g. ''teebas'' "she/it dries" (from ''*tiyabas'').
**Ø: preceding ''i'' becomes ''a'' in the imperfect and lengthened in the subjunctive/jussive - e.g. ''yaahal'' "it is enough" (from ''*yiØahal''), ''ay yiíhal'' "let it not be enough" (from *''yíØhal'').
**A guttural letter (''G'': ', h, c, x): when intervocalic, a preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel - e.g. ''yaxamal'' "he carries" (from ''*yixamal'')<!--, ''ay tácraf'' "don't rest" (from ''tícraf'')-->.
*If ''C'' is:-
*If ''C'' is:-
**y, yC, or Cy:
***''ay(a)/ya'' becomes ''ee'' - e.g. ''keedaw'' "he walked/went" (from ''*kaydaw'').
***''yi(i)'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''al tikiid'' "you do not walk/go" (from ''*tikyid'').
<!--***''ayii'' becomes ''ey'' - e.g. ''kéydaw'' "him walking/going" (from ''*kayíidaw'').-->
**w, wC, or Cw:  
**w, wC, or Cw:  
***''aw(a)/wa'' becomes ''oo'' - e.g. ''koon'' "he was/became" (from ''*kawan'').
***''aw(a)/wa'' becomes ''oo'' - e.g. ''koonaw'' "he was/became" (from ''*kawnaw'').
***''wi'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''ay tukuun'' "do not become" (from ''*tikwin'').
***''wi(i)'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''al tukuun'' "she does not become" (from ''*tikwin'').
***''awii'' becomes ''oy'' - e.g. ''koýnaw'' "him being" (from ''*kawiínaw'')
<!--
**y, yC, or Cy:  
***Expected ''awii'' becomes ''oy'' - e.g. ''kóynaw'' "him being" (from ''*kawíinaw'').
***''ay(a)/ya'' becomes ''ee'' - e.g. ''keed'' "he walked/went" (from ''*kayad'').
-->
***''yi'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''ay tikiid'' "do not walk/go" (from ''*tikyid'').
**Ø, ØC, or CØ:
***''ayii'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''kaýdaw'' "him walking/going" (from ''*kayiídaw'').
***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. ''laagay'' "I sent" (from ''*laØgay'').
***''Øi(i)'' becomes ''ii''<!--or aa?''--> - e.g. ''al tiliig'' "she doesn't send" (from ''*tilØig'').
<!--
***''aØii'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''láygaw'' "him sending" (from ''*laØíigaw'').-->
<!--
**G:
***''aGii'' in gerundive becomes ''iGii'' - e.g. ''mixíiraw'' "him being kind/merciful"-->
***When intervocalic, a preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel.
*If ''L'' is:-
*If ''L'' is:-
**y:  
**y:  
***''(a)ya'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''sallayd'' "she prayed" (from ''*sallayad'').
***''(a)ya(y)'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''sallayd'' "she prayed" (from ''*sallayad'')
***Final ''iy'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''silli'' "pray" (from ''*silliy'').
***''(a)yaw'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''sallaw'' "he prayed" (from ''*sallayaw'').
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCií-'' before a consonant).
***Final ''iy'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''silli'' "pray" (from ''*silliy'').
***''yu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinasúun'' "they forget" (from ''*yinasyúun'').
<!--
**''ayu(u)'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''yisalláwn'' "they pray" (from ''*yisallayúun'')
**''iyuu'' becomes ''uu'' - e.g. ''al tisillúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not pray" (from ''*tisilliyúun'')
-->
<!--
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCíi-'' before a consonant).-->
**w:
**w:
***''(a)wa'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad'').
***''(a)wa(w)'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad'').
***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''cufu'' "forgive" (from ''*cifiw'').
***''(a)way'' becomes ''oy'' - e.g. ''cafoy'' "I forgave" (from ''*cafway'').
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCúw-'' (''FaCuú-'' before a consonant).
***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (''uu'' before a consonant) and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'' - e.g. ''cufu'' "forgive" (from ''*cifiw'').
*Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. ''sallaygu'' "I prayed" (from ''*sallay-ku'').
***''wu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yacafúun'' "they forgive" (from ''*yicafwúun'').
*For quinquiliteral verbs, replace ''C'' with ''CaCC''/''CiCC'' (with the vowel corresponding to the bracketed one) - e.g. ''dhamastar'', ''yidhamastar'', ''yidhimistír'' "complete". If one of the consonants is ''w'' or ''y'', the aforementioned simplifications apply and the unnecessary ''a''/''i'' is not added - e.g. ''targoon'', ''yitargoon'', ''yuturguún'', ''targuúmaw'' "translate" (from ''*taragwam'', ''*yitaragwam'', ''*yitirigwím'', ''*taragwiímaw''). In forms where no simplifications can take place, however, the extra vowel is added - e.g. ''tar<b>a</b>gwaámi'' "translator".
***''awu(u)'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. ''yiqandhówn'' "they get a fever" (from ''*yiqandhawúun'').
***''iwuu'' becomes ''uu''  e.g. ''ay ticfúun'' "do not forgive ''(pl.)''" (from ''*ticfiwúun'')
<!--
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCúw-'' (''FaCúu-'' before a consonant).-->
**Ø:
***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. ''nashaad'' "she took/lifted" (from ''*nashaØad'').
***Final ''iØ'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''níshi'' "take/lift" (from ''*níshiØ'').
***''Øu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinashúun'' "they take/lift" (from ''*yinashØúun'').
***''aØu(u)'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. ''yooddówn'' "they finish" (from ''*yiwaddaØúun'')
***''iØuu'' becomes ''uu''  e.g. ''al tinshúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not take/lift" (from ''*tinshiØúun'')
<!--
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCíi-'' before a consonant).-->
**G: Preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel.
*Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. ''sallaygúun'' "you (pl.) prayed" (from ''*sallay-kúun'').
*For quinquiliteral verbs, replace ''C'' with ''CaCC''/''CiCC'' (with the vowel corresponding to the bracketed one) - e.g. ''dhamastar'', ''yidhamastar'', ''yidhimistir'' "complete". If one of the consonants is ''w'' or ''y'', the aforementioned simplifications apply and the unnecessary ''a''/''i'' is not added - e.g. ''targoon'', ''yitargoon'', ''yuturguun'', ''targoomaw'' "translate" (from ''*taragwam'', ''*yitaragwam'', ''*yitirigwim'', ''*taragwamaw''). In forms where no simplifications can take place, however, the extra vowel is added - e.g. ''tar<b>a</b>gwaámi'' "translator".
<!-- Might change this to ''wa/ya'' becoming ''o/e'', ''wi/yi'' becoming ''u/i'', and ''waa/yaa'' becoming ''oo''/''ee'' -->
<!-- Might change this to ''wa/ya'' becoming ''o/e'', ''wi/yi'' becoming ''u/i'', and ''waa/yaa'' becoming ''oo''/''ee'' -->
<!--- Some ideas:
<!--- Some ideas:
Line 161: Line 339:
*Formed with ''as-''.
*Formed with ''as-''.
--->
--->
====Tenses====
=====Simple tenses=====
=====Compound tenses=====
*Present progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes and with final accent) + Perfect of ''-(ah)alaw'' - e.g. ''yikeéd(ah)alaw'' "he is walking/going".
**This is derived from the defective verb ''halaw'' "he is present".
**''Halaw'' (stem: ''h-l-w'') is conjugated as a perfect verb, but has present meaning. Its past equivalent is ''nabraw'' (stem: ''n-b-r'').
*Past progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes and with final accent) + Perfect of ''nabraw'' "he was present" - e.g. ''yikeéd nabrúun'' "they were walking/going".


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Primarily SOV
Primarily SOV. However, clitic object pronouns follow the verb.


===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
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<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!--===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
Beni aadanka kulligaw -->
<!--Beni aadanka kulligaw WAXA aw yitoolad nusuga OO xor AH KANA SIMAN XAGGA sharafta IYO xuquuqda. WAXA Ilaahay SIIYAY WACYI IYO damiir, WAANA IN QOF WALBA QOFKA KALE ULA DHAQMAA SI WALAALTINIMO AH.-->


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
Shariifka
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