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Proto-Carpathian: Difference between revisions
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All moods, except imperative and optative, distinguished between imperfect and perfect. Indicative mood also had separate present and past tense suffixes. The pluperfect tense had not been formed until Late Proto-Carpathian, probably by the Indo-European languages influence. | All moods, except imperative and optative, distinguished between imperfect and perfect. Indicative mood also had separate present and past tense suffixes. The pluperfect tense had not been formed until Late Proto-Carpathian, probably by the Indo-European languages influence. | ||
There were ten personal endings, for three persons and three numbers. In addition, there was an ending for the "fourth person", which indicated an unspecified person, similarly to the Ancient Greek [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive]]. A new theory suggests also | There were ten personal endings, for three persons and three numbers. In addition, there was an ending for the "fourth person", which indicated an unspecified person, similarly to the Ancient Greek [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive]]. A new theory suggests also objectival or intransitive endings in addition to the subjectival or transitive ones, which later became the conjugation X in West Carpathian. | ||
All personal endings of Proto-Carpathian: | |||
All personal endings of Proto-Carpathian (vowel harmony pairs, like ''*-ə<sub>1</sub>l-*-ə<sub>2</sub>l'', are not included), parts of endings in brackets are uncertain: | |||
{| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Subject | |||
! | ! | ||
! Singular | ! Singular | ||
| Line 321: | Line 325: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! First person | ! First person | ||
| *- | | *-ə<sub>2</sub>l<ref group=note>This ending was substituted in South Carpathian with *-ə<sub>2</sub>s.</ref> | ||
| *- | | *-le(jə) | ||
| *- | | *-ə<sub>2</sub>lkə<sub>2</sub> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Second person | ! Second person | ||
| *- | | *-ə<sub>2</sub>š | ||
| *- | | *-še(jə) | ||
| *- | | *-ə<sub>2</sub>škə<sub>2</sub> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Third person | ! Third person | ||
| *- | | *-iβ | ||
| *- | | *-j(ə)wə<sub>3</sub> | ||
| *- | | *-ə<sub>2</sub>wkə<sub>2</sub> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fourth person | ! Fourth person | ||
| colspan="3" | *- | | colspan="3" | *-ə<sub>2</sub>tə/*-ə<sub>4</sub>tə<ref group=note>These two endings are a vowel harmony pair.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Direct object | |||
! | |||
! Singular | |||
! Dual | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! First person | |||
| *-ə<sub>2</sub>s- | |||
| *-nə<sub>2</sub>j(ə)- | |||
| *-nak(ə)- | |||
|- | |||
! Second person | |||
| *-ək(ə)- | |||
| *-kə<sub>2</sub>j(ə)- | |||
| *-kak(ə)- | |||
|- | |||
! Third person | |||
| *-əj(ə) | |||
| *-škə<sub>3</sub>w- | |||
| *-ə<sub>3</sub>w(ə)- | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
{{reflist|group=note}} | |||
==Later development== | ==Later development== | ||
[[Category:Carpathian languages]] [[Category:Proto-languages]] [[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Carpathian languages]] [[Category:Proto-languages]] [[Category:Languages]] | ||