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Celabrian: Difference between revisions
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Derived stems are formed by adding derivational affixes to the primary stem. Derived verbs include causatives, antipassives, and applicatives. Tense stems are formed by adding affixes to the main stem, whether primary or derived. | Derived stems are formed by adding derivational affixes to the primary stem. Derived verbs include causatives, antipassives, and applicatives. Tense stems are formed by adding affixes to the main stem, whether primary or derived. | ||
====TAM==== | ====TAM==== | ||
Celabrian has the tenses listed below (''P'' = perfective stem; ''I'' = imperfective stem; ''O'' = optative stem; ''1'' = primary personal endings; ''2'' = secondary personal endings; bold affix = stress on affix; bold stem = stress on final syllable of stem). | Celabrian has the tenses listed in the table below. | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center" | |||
|+ Celabrian tenses<sup><small>1</small></sup> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Tense !! rowspan="2" | Mood !! colspan="2" | Usage !! rowspan="2" style="width:100px;" | Stem !! rowspan="2" | Notes | |||
|- | |||
! Present frame !! Non-present frame | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Aorist !! Ind. | |||
| Simple action in past. || Simple action in frame of reference. || ''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The aorist is considered the default tense. It expresses a simple action without reference to timeframe or completion. | |||
|- | |||
! Subj. | |||
| colspan="2" | Simple action in frame of reference. || ''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Perfect !! Ind. | |||
| An action in the past that has present relevance. || An action before frame of reference that is still relevant. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The perfect prefix ''ṭ<u>a</u>-'' can be added to other tenses to convert them into perfects. | |||
|- | |||
! Subj. | |||
| colspan="2" | An action before frame of reference that is still relevant. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Habitual !! Indic. | |||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | A habitual/repeated action in frame of reference. || ''P''-(<u>ə</u>)m-''<b>2</b>'' || rowspan="2" | | |||
|- | |||
! Subj. | |||
| ''P''-(<u>ə</u>)m-<b>aš</b>-''1'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Progressive !! Ind. | |||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | An ongoing action in frame of reference. || ''I''-(<u>ə</u>)t-''<b>2</b>'' || rowspan="2" | | |||
|- | |||
! Subj. | |||
| ''I''-(<u>ə</u>)t-<b>aš</b>-''1'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Imperfect !! Ind. | |||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | An ongoing action before frame of reference. || <b>I</b>-1 || rowspan="2" | | |||
|- | |||
! Subj. | |||
| ''I''-<b>aš</b>-''1'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Past !! Ind. | |||
| An action in the past. || An action that took place before frame of reference. || p<u>a</u>-''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The past prefix ''p<u>a</u>-'' can be added to any tense to place it in a past frame of reference. | |||
|- | |||
! Subj. | |||
| colspan="2" | An action that took place before frame of reference. || p<u>a</u>-''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Future !! Ind. | |||
| An action in the future. || An action that will take place after frame of reference. || ho-''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The future prefix ''ho-'' can be added to any tense to place it in a future frame of reference. | |||
|- | |||
! Subj. | |||
| colspan="2" | An action that will take place after frame of reference. || ho-''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="20" | (Incomplete) | |||
|} | |||
'''Notes:''' | |||
<sup><small>1</small></sup> ''P'' = perfective stem; ''I'' = imperfective stem; ''O'' = optative stem; ''1'' = primary personal endings; ''2'' = secondary personal endings; bold affix = stress on affix; bold stem = stress on final syllable of stem; (<u>ə</u>) = added when needed for pronunciation. | |||
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*'''Aorist''' (''<b>P</b>-1'') | *'''Aorist''' (''<b>P</b>-1'') | ||
**'''Indicative:''' Expresses a simple action in the past. Can also express a non-past action in the appropriate context, such as when used in conjunction with a future adverb. | **'''Indicative:''' Expresses a simple action in the past. Can also express a non-past action in the appropriate context, such as when used in conjunction with a future adverb. | ||
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*'''Imperfect:''' (''<b>I</b>-1'') | *'''Imperfect:''' (''<b>I</b>-1'') | ||
**Expresses an ongoing action in the past (or before the frame of reference). | **Expresses an ongoing action in the past (or before the frame of reference). | ||
*'''Optative:''' (''<b>O</b>-1'') | *'''Optative:''' (''<b>O</b>-1'') | ||
**'''Indicative:''' Expresses a wish/desire/intention. Also used as a jussive/cohortative, and as an affirmative imperative for ergative agents and (in the negative) as a negative imperative for all subjects. | **'''Indicative:''' Expresses a wish/desire/intention. Also used as a jussive/cohortative, and as an affirmative imperative for ergative agents and (in the negative) as a negative imperative for all subjects. | ||
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**For direct commands. Always affirmative; use optative for negative. | **For direct commands. Always affirmative; use optative for negative. | ||
All subjunctives are formed by from the corresponding indicatives by removing personal suffixes then adding the stressed suffix -<u>'''a'''</u>š-''1'' to the tense stem. | All subjunctives are formed by from the corresponding indicatives by removing personal suffixes then adding the stressed suffix -<u>'''a'''</u>š-''1'' to the tense stem. | ||
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||