Celabrian: Difference between revisions

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Celabrian (view source)

Revision as of 19:38, 25 December 2018

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→‎TAM
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Derived stems are formed by adding derivational affixes to the primary stem. Derived verbs include causatives, antipassives, and applicatives. Tense stems are formed by adding affixes to the main stem, whether primary or derived.
Derived stems are formed by adding derivational affixes to the primary stem. Derived verbs include causatives, antipassives, and applicatives. Tense stems are formed by adding affixes to the main stem, whether primary or derived.
====TAM====
====Tense, mood, aspect====
Celabrian has the tenses listed in the table below.
{|class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; font-size: 90%"
{|class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"
|+ Celabrian tenses, moods, and aspects<sup><small>1</small></sup>
|+ Celabrian tenses<sup><small>1</small></sup>
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Tense !! rowspan="2" | Mood !! colspan="2" | Usage !! rowspan="2" style="width:100px;" | Stem !! rowspan="2" | Notes
! rowspan="2" | Tense !! rowspan="2" | Mood !! colspan="2" | Usage !! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" | Stem !! rowspan="2" style="width:400px;" | Notes
|-
|-
! Present frame !! Non-present frame
! Present frame !! Non-present frame
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Aorist !! Ind.
! rowspan="2" | Aorist !! Indicative
| Simple action in past. || Simple action in frame of reference. || ''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The aorist is considered the default tense. It expresses a simple action without reference to timeframe or completion.
| Simple action in past. || Simple action in frame of reference. || ''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The aorist is considered the default tense. It expresses a simple action without reference to timeframe or completion.
|-
|-
! Subj.
! Subjunctive
| colspan="2" | Simple action in frame of reference. || ''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1''
| colspan="2" | Simple action in frame of reference. || ''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Perfect !! Ind.
! rowspan="2" | Perfect !! Indicative
| An action in the past that has present relevance. || An action before frame of reference that is still relevant. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The perfect prefix ''ṭ<u>a</u>-'' can be added to other tenses to convert them into perfects.
| An action in the past that has present relevance. || An action before frame of reference that is still relevant. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The perfect prefix ''ṭ<u>a</u>-'' can be added to other tenses to convert them into perfects.
|-
|-
! Subj.
! Subjunctive
| colspan="2" | An action before frame of reference that is still relevant. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1''
| colspan="2" | An action before frame of reference that is still relevant. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Habitual !! Indic.
! rowspan="2" | Habitual !! Indicative
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | A habitual/repeated action in frame of reference. || ''P''-(<u>ə</u>)m-''<b>2</b>'' || rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | A habitual/repeated action in frame of reference. || ''P''-(<u>ə</u>)m-''<b>2</b>'' || rowspan="2" |
|-
|-
! Subj.
! Subjunctive
| ''P''-(<u>ə</u>)m-<b>aš</b>-''1''
| ''P''-(<u>ə</u>)m-<b>aš</b>-''1''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Progressive !! Ind.
! rowspan="2" | Progressive !! Indicative
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | An ongoing action in frame of reference. || ''I''-(<u>ə</u>)t-''<b>2</b>'' || rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | An ongoing action in frame of reference. || ''I''-(<u>ə</u>)t-''<b>2</b>'' || rowspan="2" |
|-
|-
! Subj.
! Subjunctive
| ''I''-(<u>ə</u>)t-<b>aš</b>-''1''
| ''I''-(<u>ə</u>)t-<b>aš</b>-''1''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Imperfect !! Ind.
! rowspan="2" | Imperfect !! Indicative
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | An ongoing action before frame of reference. || <b>I</b>-1 || rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | An ongoing action before frame of reference. || <b>I</b>-1 || rowspan="2" |
|-
|-
! Subj.
! Subjunctive
| ''I''-<b>aš</b>-''1''
| ''I''-<b>aš</b>-''1''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Past !! Ind.
! rowspan="2" | Past !! Indicative
| An action in the past. || An action that took place before frame of reference. || p<u>a</u>-''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The past prefix ''p<u>a</u>-'' can be added to any tense to place it in a past frame of reference.
| An action in the past. || An action that took place before frame of reference. || p<u>a</u>-''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The past prefix ''p<u>a</u>-'' can be added to other tenses to place them in a past frame of reference.
|-
|-
! Subj.
! Subjunctive
| colspan="2" | An action that took place before frame of reference. || p<u>a</u>-''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1''
| colspan="2" | An action that took place before frame of reference. || p<u>a</u>-''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Future !! Ind.
! rowspan="2" | Future !! Indicative
| An action in the future. || An action that will take place after frame of reference. || ho-''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The future prefix ''ho-'' can be added to any tense to place it in a future frame of reference.
| An action in the future. || An action that will take place after frame of reference. || ho-''<b>P</b>-1'' || rowspan="2" | The future prefix ''ho-'' can be added to other tenses to place them in a future frame of reference.
|-
|-
! Subj.
! Subjunctive
| colspan="2" | An action that will take place after frame of reference. || ho-''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1''
| colspan="2" | An action that will take place after frame of reference. || ho-''P''-<b>aš</b>-''1''
|-
|-
! colspan="20" | (Incomplete)
! colspan="2" | Imperative
| Forms a command or request in the second person. || – || SI: ''<b>O</b>'' <br />SF/P:''<b>O</b>''-(ə)t  || rowspan="2" | The imperative is only used for the second person, and only when it is the absolutive argument of the verb. Otherwise, the jussive is used. The jussive can also be used as a more gentle/polite affirmative second person command.
|-
! colspan="2" | Jussive
| Forms a command or request, or expresses an obligation. || Expresses an obligation in the frame of reference. || ''<b>O</b>-1''
|-
! colspan="2" | Optative
| Expresses a wish, or encourages an action. || Expresses a wish in the frame of reference. || ''O''-'''aš'''-''1'' || Can be translated as "should/must" when the subject has control over the action, and "may" when the subject does not. Can also be used as a more gentle alternative to the jussive or imperative.
|-
! colspan="2" | Conditional
| colspan="2" | Expresses a hypothetical event/state that is dependent on some condition. || ṭ<u>a</u>-''<b>O</b>-1'' || Can be translated as "would (have)".
|-
! colspan="2" | Presumptive
| colspan="2" | Expresses a hypothetical event/state that is presupposed to be true. || ṭa-''O-1''-'''aš'''-''1'' || The presumptive is often paired with the conditional.
|-
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''
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*'''Imperfect:''' (''<b>I</b>-1'')
*'''Imperfect:''' (''<b>I</b>-1'')
**Expresses an ongoing action in the past (or before the frame of reference).
**Expresses an ongoing action in the past (or before the frame of reference).
*'''Optative:''' (''<b>O</b>-1'')
*'''Optative:''' (''<b>O</b>-1'')
**'''Indicative:''' Expresses a wish/desire/intention. Also used as a jussive/cohortative, and as an affirmative imperative for ergative agents and (in the negative) as a negative imperative for all subjects.
**'''Indicative:''' Expresses a wish/desire/intention. Also used as a jussive/cohortative, and as an affirmative imperative for ergative agents and (in the negative) as a negative imperative for all subjects.
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*'''Imperative:''' (singular: '''''O'''''; plural: '''''O'''''-(<u>ə</u>)t)
*'''Imperative:''' (singular: '''''O'''''; plural: '''''O'''''-(<u>ə</u>)t)
**For direct commands. Always affirmative; use optative for negative.
**For direct commands. Always affirmative; use optative for negative.
All subjunctives are formed by from the corresponding indicatives by removing personal suffixes then adding the stressed suffix -<u>'''a'''</u>š-''1'' to the tense stem.
All Subjunctives are formed by from the corresponding Indicatives by removing personal suffixes then adding the stressed suffix -<u>'''a'''</u>š-''1'' to the tense stem.
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