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==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
The vast majority of Atlantic vocabulary is composed by inherited Latin words; compared to other Romance languages, Atlantic has been more resistant to borrowings than all of them except for Sardinian and Central Italian. Many Atlantic words have cognates, often with similar meanings, in other Romance languages: | |||
(cognate table TBA) | |||
However, Atlantic, due to its conservativeness, maintained many Latin roots that have otherwise disappeared from Romance languages, excluding reborrowings or derivations (''feriri'' "to bring" from <small>FERRE</small>; ''jolb'' "yellow" from <small>GALBUM</small>, ''hirnya'' "jug" from <small>HIRNEAM</small>, ''aḍipisciri'' "to obtain, get" from <small>ADIPISCĪ</small>, ''foḍina'' "mine" from <small>FODĪNAM</small>), or shows less semantic drift (<small>CIVITĀTEM</small> → ''civiṭoṭi'' maintained the meaning of "country" instead of shifting to "city" as in many other related languages). Quite often, on the contrary, Atlantic also innovated its own derivations that are not shared with other Romance languages, either through unique semantic drifts (<small>CASTRUM</small> "military camp" → ''chastr'' "city"; <small>ANIMAM</small> "soul" → ''amma'' "person"; <small>EDENDA</small> "to be eaten" → ''iḍenda'' "food"; <small>CŪNĀBULUM</small> "cradle" → ''cunolb'' "childhood"; <small>(AGENDUM) PRŌNŪNTIĀTUM</small> → ''pronunxoṭ'' "scheme, organization, programme") or through derivations (*lucicula → ''luxirca'' "lamp"; *scriptabulu → ''scriutolb'' "office", *rẹscula → ''riscura'' "thing"). | |||
As far as borrowings are concerned, the primary sources of borrowings into Atlantic are Arabic (which was the administrative and cultural languages in the Atlantic Provinces from the 8th to the 15th century) and the Berber languages it has always coexisted with. Arabic borrowings are very common in the sphere of nature and food (''barcuga'' "plum", ''dilfa'' "oleander", ''nilufar'' "water lily", ''mausa'' "banana", ''xarab'' "drink"), geography and especially navigation (the four cardinal points: ''xamal'' "North", ''xarc'' "East", ''janub'' "South", ''garb'' "West"; ''vadi'' "stream"; ''buhaira'' "lagoon"), science and certain crafts (''hicaiat'' "folklore", ''caraba'' "amber", ''quitab'' "scientific text"), certain activities and places, especially related to positions of power (''malic'' "king", ''cadi'' "judge", ''said'' "Mr.", ''vasir'' "minister", ''suc'' "market", ''hasis'' "luxury"), while Berber borrowings are more limited to daily life and certain natural formations (''igrem'' "village", ''agadir'' "castle", ''lala'' "Madam", ''tamasirt'' "belongings", ''idurar'' "mountain chain", ''reg'' "rocky desert", ''aga'' "bucket", ''tavalt'' "juniper", ''tasart'' "fig").<br/>
Direct borrowings from other Romance languages are very limited and mostly from Sicilian (''taliori'' "to look at", ''scros'' "unripe", possibly at an earlier time ''charus'' "boy") or Neapolitan (''cucori'' "to lie down", ''turquin'' "light blue, turquoise"), while others are less represented (as with ''avantaix'' "advantage" from French; ''trubori'' "to sing" from Occitan; ''galaria'' "gallery" from Italian). More common are calques from other Romance languages (or from English or for international words), often with different roots (French calques include for example ''asurori'' "atelier", ''surxoitori'' "to surprise" (surprendre), ''discori'' "DJ" (disquaire), ''partiṭ'' "political party" (partie); English ones include ''peḍi-pilirca'' "football" or ''art cholyiha'' "street art"; internatonalisms with differing roots include for example ''supirtaviarna'' "supermarket", ''chastrinsism'' "urbanism", ''guinequism'' "feminism"). | |||
The most significant source of learned words is Ancient Greek, due to the modern standard koiné having been developed mostly from Mauritanian dialects but by Illuminism-era linguists which had a fascination for Ancient Greek: such coinages are particularly prominent in the first modern-era Atlantic dictionary (the ''Deixunori dâ Nimba Otrantiha'' of 1766) and most of them have been used in the koiné since, with a select number of them spreading to the everyday language (''guineca'' "woman", ''gliqui'' "sugar", ''eurimen'' "discovery", ''tir'' "cheese"). Most Ancient Greek reborrowings have however a learned origin, such as ''halma'' "heartbeat", ''apocrima'' "refusal", ''drasi'' "efficacy", ''elaso(n)'' "progress", ''eleuteria'' "freedom", ''elilameni'' "civilization", ''iatria'' "medicine", ''sinfero(n)'' "common cause"). Many internationalisms of Greek origin also maintain a form closer to the original, including neuter gender, ''-ta'' plurals and movable nu when applicable (''tropaio(n)'' "trophy", ''stadio(n)'' "stadium", ''ṭeatro(n)'' "theater", ''helicoptero(n)'' "helicopter"). | |||
===Days and months=== | ===Days and months=== | ||
The days of the week in Atlantic derive from the standard pre-Christian Roman names, including, unlike in sister languages, the name for Saturday, which still refers to Saturn: | The days of the week in Atlantic derive from the standard pre-Christian Roman names, including, unlike in sister languages, the name for Saturday, which still refers to Saturn: | ||