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→Uses of the passive
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Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements. | Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements. | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''teterur seun tīn iūs | {{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top='''''teterur seun tīn iūs''''' | ||
| tet -erur se -un tīn -Ø iūs | | tet-erur se-un tīn-Ø iūs | ||
|drink -MID.3SG.E this -E.NOM.SG tea -NOM.SG well | |drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well | ||
|'This tea tastes good (lit. 'it drinks well') | |'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}} | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''tetēlārur seun tīn iūs | {{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top='''''tetēlārur seun tīn iūs''''' | ||
| tet -'''ēlārur''' se -un tīn -Ø iūs | | tet-'''ēlārur''' se-un tīn-Ø iūs | ||
|drink -'''PAS.3SG.E''' this -E.NOM.SG tea -NOM.SG well | |drink-'''PAS.3SG.E''' this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well | ||
|'This tea is drunk often | |'This tea is drunk often'}} | ||
While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]]. | While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]]. | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''praescenduēlāre ūlun cavā īliānā hānun | {{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top='''''praescenduēlāre ūlun cavā īliānā hānun''''' | ||
| praescend -'''uēlāre''' ūl -un cav -'''ā''' īliān -'''ā''' hān -un | | praescend-'''uēlāre''' ūl-un cav-'''ā''' īliān-'''ā''' hān-un | ||
|rebuild -'''PFV.PAS.3SG.E''' yonder -E.NOM.SG Cava -'''ABL.SG''' Ilianus -'''C.ABL.SG''' temple -NOM.SG | |rebuild-'''PFV.PAS.3SG.E''' yonder-E.NOM.SG Cava-'''ABL.SG''' Ilianus-'''C.ABL.SG''' temple-NOM.SG | ||
|'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana | |'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana'}} | ||
The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''. | The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''. | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''miquītur | {{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top='''''miquītur''''' | ||
| miqu -ītur | | miqu-ītur | ||
|die -MID.3PL.T | |die-MID.3PL.T | ||
|'They are dead/dying.'}} | |'They are dead/dying.'}} | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''miquiēlātur | {{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top='''''miquiēlātur''''' | ||
| miqu -'''iēlātur''' | | miqu-'''iēlātur''' | ||
|die -'''PAS.3PL.T''' | |die-'''PAS.3PL.T''' | ||
|'There are people dead/dying | |'There are people dead/dying'}} | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''mūδerra (sea) ardina inderis alta | {{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top='''''mūδerra (sea) ardina inderis alta''''' | ||
| mūδ -erra (se -a) ard -ina inder -is alt -a | | mūδ-erra (se-a) ard-ina inder-is alt-a | ||
|not.enough -MID.3SG.C (this -C.NOM.SG) wumbo -DAT.PL capital -GEN.SG water -NOM.SG | |not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG | ||
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital | |'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}} | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''mūδēlārra ardina inderis alta | {{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top='''''mūδēlārra ardina inderis alta''''' | ||
| mūδ -'''ēlārra''' ard -ina inder -is alt -a | | mūδ-'''ēlārra''' ard-ina inder-is alt-a | ||
|not.enough -'''PAS.3SG.C''' wumbo -DAT.PL capital -GEN.SG water -NOM.SG | |not.enough-'''PAS.3SG.C''' wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG | ||
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital | |'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}} | ||
Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable even or outcome. | Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable even or outcome. | ||
{{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''cōmerī requentus furuēlō soperī | {{interlinear | box=yes | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top='''''cōmerī requentus furuēlō soperī''''' | ||
| cōmer -ī requ -ent -us fur -'''uēlō''' soper -ī | | cōmer-ī requ-ent-us fur-'''uēlō''' soper-ī | ||
|home -DAT return -IPFV.PTCP -T.NOM.SG fall -'''PFV.PAS.1SG''' snow -ABL.SG | |home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-'''PFV.PAS.1SG''' snow-ABL.SG | ||
|'Walking home I got snowed on | |'Walking home I got snowed on'}} | ||
====Causative==== | ====Causative==== | ||