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Old Valthungian: Difference between revisions
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 1100px;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 1100px;" | ||
|- | |||
!colspan=5| Letters | |||
|colspan=3 align="left"| The twenty-seven “official” letters of the Old Valthungian alphabet are very similar to the twenty-seven letter of the Gothic alphabet, right down to the order of their numbering. There were, however, many variants, ligatures, digraphs, trigraphs, and Latin and Greek letters thrown into the mix in the few small samples we have of definitive Old Valthungian texts. | |||
|- | |- | ||
!width=65px| Griutungi | !width=65px| Griutungi | ||
| Line 1,816: | Line 1,819: | ||
!width=65px| Old Val. | !width=65px| Old Val. | ||
!width=65px| Roman. | !width=65px| Roman. | ||
!width=65px| Numeric<br />Value | |||
!width=165px| Variants | !width=165px| Variants | ||
!width=200px| Examples | !width=200px| Examples | ||
| Line 1,824: | Line 1,828: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-a.png|13px|A]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-a.png|13px|A]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''a''' | |valign="top"| '''a''' | ||
|valign="top"| 1 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''a'''rms'' ‘poor’<br />''g'''a'''f'' ‘gave’<br />'''''a'''nþ'''a'''r'' ‘second’ | |valign="top"| '''''a'''rms'' ‘poor’<br />''g'''a'''f'' ‘gave’<br />'''''a'''nþ'''a'''r'' ‘second’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,856: | Line 1,837: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-b.png|13px|B]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-b.png|13px|B]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''b''' | |valign="top"| '''b''' | ||
|valign="top"| 2 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''b'''arðou'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />''kal'''b''''' ‘calf’ | |valign="top"| '''''b'''arðou'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />''kal'''b''''' ‘calf’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,872: | Line 1,846: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-g.png|12px|G]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-g.png|12px|G]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''g''' | |valign="top"| '''g''' | ||
|valign="top"| 3 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''g'''ibvan'' ‘to give’<br />'''''g'''ardz'' ‘yard’<br />''da'''g'''z'' ‘day’ | |valign="top"| '''''g'''ibvan'' ‘to give’<br />'''''g'''ardz'' ‘yard’<br />''da'''g'''z'' ‘day’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,888: | Line 1,855: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-d.png|17px|D]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-d.png|17px|D]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''d''' | |valign="top"| '''d''' | ||
|valign="top"| 4 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''d'''agz'' ‘day’<br />''ah'''d'''i'' ‘egg’<br />''wor'''d''''' ‘word’ | |valign="top"| '''''d'''agz'' ‘day’<br />''ah'''d'''i'' ‘egg’<br />''wor'''d''''' ‘word’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| e | |valign="top"| e | ||
| Line 1,904: | Line 1,864: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-e.png|13px|E]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-e.png|13px|E]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''e''' | |valign="top"| '''e''' | ||
|valign="top"| 5 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ai | |align="left" valign="top"| ai | ||
|valign="top"| '''''e'''rða'' ‘earth’<br />''m'''e'''rij'' ‘sea’<br />''s'''e'''tjan'' ‘to set’ | |valign="top"| '''''e'''rða'' ‘earth’<br />''m'''e'''rij'' ‘sea’<br />''s'''e'''tjan'' ‘to set’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| kw | |valign="top"| kw | ||
| Line 1,960: | Line 1,873: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-qv.png|23px|QV]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-qv.png|23px|QV]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''qv''' | |valign="top"| '''qv''' | ||
|valign="top"| 6 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| kv, q, ku, cv, cu | |align="left" valign="top"| kv, q, ku, cv, cu | ||
|valign="top"| '''''qv'''ernu'' ‘mill’<br />''in'''qv'''is'' ‘to you both’<br />''ri'''qv'''iza'' ‘darker’ | |valign="top"| '''''qv'''ernu'' ‘mill’<br />''in'''qv'''is'' ‘to you both’<br />''ri'''qv'''iza'' ‘darker’ | ||
| Line 1,968: | Line 1,882: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-z.png|13px|Z]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-z.png|13px|Z]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''z''' | |valign="top"| '''z''' | ||
|valign="top"| 7 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ȥ | |align="left" valign="top"| ȥ | ||
|valign="top"| ''þi'''z'''ae'' ‘to that’<br />''hwi'''z'''a'''z'''ij'' ‘whatever’<br />''i'''z'''ous'' ‘hers’ | |valign="top"| ''þi'''z'''ae'' ‘to that’<br />''hwi'''z'''a'''z'''ij'' ‘whatever’<br />''i'''z'''ous'' ‘hers’ | ||
| Line 1,976: | Line 1,891: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-h.png|13px|H]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-h.png|13px|H]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''h''' | |valign="top"| '''h''' | ||
|valign="top"| 8 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''h'''ertou'' ‘heart’<br />''te'''h'''un'' ‘ten’<br />''fa'''h''''' ‘glad’ | |valign="top"| '''''h'''ertou'' ‘heart’<br />''te'''h'''un'' ‘ten’<br />''fa'''h''''' ‘glad’ | ||
| Line 1,984: | Line 1,900: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-th.png|18px|Þ]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-th.png|18px|Þ]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''þ''' | |valign="top"| '''þ''' | ||
|valign="top"| 9 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| th, fh, c<ref>'''c''' for /θ/ is anomalous, only appearing in one extant instance, and is most likely the result of a transcription error, though many have used it (grossly incorrectly) to associate Old Valthungian with the Iberian Goths, positing that this somehow relates to ''ceceo'' in modern Spanish. It absolutely does not, and the Old Valthungian speakers never came within 500 miles of present-day Spain, but facts have never stood in the way of good speculation.</ref> | |align="left" valign="top"| th, fh, c<ref>'''c''' for /θ/ is anomalous, only appearing in one extant instance, and is most likely the result of a transcription error, though many have used it (grossly incorrectly) to associate Old Valthungian with the Iberian Goths, positing that this somehow relates to ''ceceo'' in modern Spanish. It absolutely does not, and the Old Valthungian speakers never came within 500 miles of present-day Spain, but facts have never stood in the way of good speculation.</ref> | ||
|valign="top"| '''''þ'''ju'''þ''''' ‘people’<br />''frija'''þ'''vou'' ‘love’<br />''ljugva'''þ''''' ‘light’ | |valign="top"| '''''þ'''ju'''þ''''' ‘people’<br />''frija'''þ'''vou'' ‘love’<br />''ljugva'''þ''''' ‘light’ | ||
| Line 1,992: | Line 1,909: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-i.png|4px|I]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-i.png|4px|I]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''i''' | |valign="top"| '''i''' | ||
|valign="top"| 10 | |||
|align="left"| | |align="left"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''i'''gy'''i'''l'' ‘hedgehog’<br />'''''i'''zae'' ‘to her’<br />''þjug'''i''''' ‘maid’ | |valign="top"| '''''i'''gy'''i'''l'' ‘hedgehog’<br />'''''i'''zae'' ‘to her’<br />''þjug'''i''''' ‘maid’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 2,024: | Line 1,918: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-k.png|13px|K]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-k.png|13px|K]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''k''' | |valign="top"| '''k''' | ||
|valign="top"| 20 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| c | |align="left" valign="top"| c | ||
|valign="top"| '''''k'''orts'' ‘short’<br />''tae'''k'''ors'' ‘brother-in-law’<br />''mas'''k''''' ‘mesh, grid’ | |valign="top"| '''''k'''orts'' ‘short’<br />''tae'''k'''ors'' ‘brother-in-law’<br />''mas'''k''''' ‘mesh, grid’ | ||
| Line 2,032: | Line 1,927: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-l.png|13px|L]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-l.png|13px|L]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''l''' | |valign="top"| '''l''' | ||
|valign="top"| 30 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''l'''angz'' ‘long’<br />''si'''l'''ða'''l'''ijks'' ‘amazing’<br />''tag'''l''''' ‘tail’ | |valign="top"| '''''l'''angz'' ‘long’<br />''si'''l'''ða'''l'''ijks'' ‘amazing’<br />''tag'''l''''' ‘tail’ | ||
| Line 2,040: | Line 1,936: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-m.png|13px|M]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-m.png|13px|M]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''m''' | |valign="top"| '''m''' | ||
|valign="top"| 40 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''m'''aeð'''m'''s'' ‘gift’<br />'''''m'''ikils'' ‘great’<br />''ogvu'''m'''a'' ‘primary’ | |valign="top"| '''''m'''aeð'''m'''s'' ‘gift’<br />'''''m'''ikils'' ‘great’<br />''ogvu'''m'''a'' ‘primary’ | ||
| Line 2,048: | Line 1,945: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-n.png|13px|N]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-n.png|13px|N]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''n''' | |valign="top"| '''n''' | ||
|valign="top"| 50 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''n'''aoþs'' ‘need’<br />'''''n'''ju'''n'''tehu'''n''''' ‘nineteen’<br />'''''n'''ima'''n''''' ‘to take’ | |valign="top"| '''''n'''aoþs'' ‘need’<br />'''''n'''ju'''n'''tehu'''n''''' ‘nineteen’<br />'''''n'''ima'''n''''' ‘to take’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | |align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| j | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| j | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-j.png|13px|J]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''j''' | ||
|valign="top"| 60 | |||
|valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| i | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''j'''eir'' ‘year’<br />''beg'''j'''oths'' ‘both’<br />'''''j'''ungz'' ‘young’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
| | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| o | |valign="top"| o | ||
| Line 2,080: | Line 1,963: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-o.png|13px|O]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-o.png|13px|O]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''o''' | |valign="top"| '''o''' | ||
|valign="top"| 70 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| au | |align="left" valign="top"| au | ||
|valign="top"| '''''o'''rtigardz'' ‘garden’<br />'''''o'''gvuma'' ‘chief’<br />''w'''o'''rms'' ‘worm’ | |valign="top"| '''''o'''rtigardz'' ‘garden’<br />'''''o'''gvuma'' ‘chief’<br />''w'''o'''rms'' ‘worm’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 2,096: | Line 1,972: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-p.png|13px|P]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-p.png|13px|P]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''p''' | |valign="top"| '''p''' | ||
|valign="top"| 80 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''p'''aeða'' ‘shirt’<br />'''''p'''or'''p'''ora'' ‘purple’<br />''slei'''p'''an'' ‘to sleep’ | |valign="top"| '''''p'''aeða'' ‘shirt’<br />'''''p'''or'''p'''ora'' ‘purple’<br />''slei'''p'''an'' ‘to sleep’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated. | |align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated. | ||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ī | |||
|valign="top"| iː~ij | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ij.png|10px|IJ]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ij''' | |||
|valign="top"| 90 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ī, ei, ij | |||
|valign="top"| '''''ij'''s'' ‘ice’<br />'''''ij'''a'' ‘her’<br />''djup'''ij''''' ‘depth’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| There is only scant evidence that this ligature was used to represent the value of the number ‘90’, and it is disputable whether the evidence in question is actually the 〈ij〉 ligature, or a holdover of the Gothic number 𐍁. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| r | |valign="top"| r | ||
| Line 2,104: | Line 1,990: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-r.png|13px|R]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-r.png|13px|R]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''r''' | |valign="top"| '''r''' | ||
|valign="top"| 100 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''r'''iqvus'' ‘dark’<br />''b'''r'''ouð'''r''''' ‘brother’<br />''we'''r''''' ‘man’ | |valign="top"| '''''r'''iqvus'' ‘dark’<br />''b'''r'''ouð'''r''''' ‘brother’<br />''we'''r''''' ‘man’ | ||
| Line 2,112: | Line 1,999: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-s.png|13px|S]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-s.png|13px|S]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''s''' | |valign="top"| '''s''' | ||
|valign="top"| 200 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''s'''ougila'' ‘sun’<br />'''''s'''eh'''s'''tigju'''s''''' ‘sixty’<br />'''''s'''uv'''s''''' ‘sow’ | |valign="top"| '''''s'''ougila'' ‘sun’<br />'''''s'''eh'''s'''tigju'''s''''' ‘sixty’<br />'''''s'''uv'''s''''' ‘sow’ | ||
| Line 2,120: | Line 2,008: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-t.png|13px|T]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-t.png|13px|T]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''t''' | |valign="top"| '''t''' | ||
|valign="top"| 300 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''t'''ungl'' ‘star’<br />''s'''t'''jugi'''t'''i'' ‘patience’<br />'''''t'''rjugijna'''t''''' ‘wooden’ | |valign="top"| '''''t'''ungl'' ‘star’<br />''s'''t'''jugi'''t'''i'' ‘patience’<br />'''''t'''rjugijna'''t''''' ‘wooden’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''th''' when aspirated. | |align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''th''' when aspirated. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| w | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| w | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-v.png|13px|V]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''v''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| 400 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| vv, uu, ƿ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''v'''ilðijs'' ‘wild’<br />''saliþ'''v'''a'' ‘guest room’<br />''s'''v'''ei'' ‘as though’ | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 2,144: | Line 2,026: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-f.png|12px|F]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-f.png|12px|F]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''f''' | |valign="top"| '''f''' | ||
|valign="top"| 500 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''f'''im'''f''''' ‘five’<br />''svum'''f'''sl'' ‘’<br />''hlae'''f''''' ‘bread’ | |valign="top"| '''''f'''im'''f''''' ‘five’<br />''svum'''f'''sl'' ‘’<br />''hlae'''f''''' ‘bread’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| kh | |valign="top"| kh | ||
| Line 2,168: | Line 2,035: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-x.png|13px|KH]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-x.png|13px|KH]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''x''' | |valign="top"| '''x''' | ||
|valign="top"| 600 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| kh, ch, x, χ | |align="left" valign="top"| kh, ch, x, χ | ||
|valign="top"| '''''X'''ristus'' ‘Christ’<br />''ew'''x'''aristja'' ‘eucharist’<br />''kate'''x'''ijns'' ‘remembrance’ | |valign="top"| '''''X'''ristus'' ‘Christ’<br />''ew'''x'''aristja'' ‘eucharist’<br />''kate'''x'''ijns'' ‘remembrance’ | ||
| Line 2,176: | Line 2,044: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-hw.png|18px|HV]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-hw.png|18px|HV]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''hv''' | |valign="top"| '''hv''' | ||
|valign="top"| 700 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| hv, hw, chv, hu | |align="left" valign="top"| hv, hw, chv, hu | ||
|valign="top"| '''''hv'''ilftri'' ‘curve’<br />''se'''hv'''an'' ‘to see’<br />''nei'''hv''''' ‘near’ | |valign="top"| '''''hv'''ilftri'' ‘curve’<br />''se'''hv'''an'' ‘to see’<br />''nei'''hv''''' ‘near’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| The Old Valthungian letter most commonly written as [[File:OV-hw.png|11px|HV]], from Gothic '''𐍈''', is transliterated as '''hv''', but later came to represent [θ] during the 11th century. | |align="left" valign="top"| The Old Valthungian letter most commonly written as [[File:OV-hw.png|11px|HV]], from Gothic '''𐍈''', is transliterated as '''hv''', but later came to represent [θ] during the 11th century. | ||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| u | |||
|valign="top"| u | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-u.png|13px|U]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''u''' | |||
|valign="top"| 800 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''''u'''lbvand'''u'''s'' ‘rhinocerus’<br />'''''u'''bvils'' ‘evil’<br />'''''u'''nþ'' ‘until’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| j | |||
|valign="top"| ʝ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-j2.png|8px|J2]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ʒ''' | |||
|valign="top"| 900 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| i, j | |||
|valign="top"| ''þri'''ʒ'''a'' ‘three’<br />''teao'''ʒ'''jan'' ‘to do’<br />''be'''ʒ'''ouþs'' ‘both’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=5| Ligatures & Polygraphs | |||
|colspan=3 align="left"| Most of these represent single phonemes and might be considered letters in their own right, but were not part of the numbered Gothic alphabet. | |||
|- | |||
!width=65px| Griutungi | |||
!width=65px| IPA | |||
!width=65px| Old Val. | |||
!width=65px| Roman. | |||
!width=65px| Numeric<br />Value | |||
!width=165px| Variants | |||
!width=200px| Examples | |||
!width=540px| Notes | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ā | |||
|valign="top"| ɑː | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-aa.png|28px|AA]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''aa''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| a, ā | |||
|valign="top"| ''h'''aa'''hs'' ‘shark’<br />''f'''aa'''han'' ‘to capture’<br />''andaþ'''aa'''ht'' ‘rational’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Long vowels were sometimes indicated by doubling, sometimes with a macron or any of a half dozen other markings, or ignored completely. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ǣ | |||
|valign="top"| ɛː | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ae.png|28px|AE]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ae''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ai, ee | |||
|valign="top"| ''br'''ae'''þ'' ‘wide’<br />'''''ae'''ðij'' ‘mother’<br />''tw'''ae''''' ‘two’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ǭ | |||
|valign="top"| ɔː | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ao.png|28px|AO]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ao''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| au, oa, oo, ō | |||
|valign="top"| '''''ao'''gyou'' ‘eye’<br />''fr'''ao'''s'' ‘happy’<br />''n'''ao'''huhþan'' ‘still, yet’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| b | |||
|valign="top"| β~v | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-bv.png|26px|BV]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''bv''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| vv | |||
|valign="top"| ''sil'''bv'''a'' ‘self’<br />''ar'''bv'''i'' ‘inheritance’<br />''hlae'''bv'''a'' ‘bread.<span style="font-variant: small-caps>dat</span>’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| g | |||
|valign="top"| ɣ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-gy.png|25px|GY]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''gy''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| y, gð | |||
|valign="top"| ''ao'''gy'''ou'' ‘eye’<br />''ba'''gy'''ms'' ‘tree’<br />''i'''gy'''il'' ‘hedgehog’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| d | |||
|valign="top"| ð | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ð.png|20px|Ð]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ð''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| dv, dy, δ | |||
|valign="top"| ''ae'''ð'''ij'' ‘mother’<br />''dala'''ð'''a'' ‘down’<br />''þju'''ð'''ij'' ‘meaning’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Though '''ð''' is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling '''ϫ''', the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|valign="top"| œː | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eao.png|40px|EAO]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''eao''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| eoa, eō, eoo | |||
|valign="top"| '''''eao'''ðijs'' ‘desert’<br />''f'''eao'''djan'' ‘to feed’<br />''h'''eao'''hij'' ‘height’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''ao''' (Griutungi '''ǭ''', Gothic '''au'''). | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ē | |||
|valign="top"| eː~ei̯ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ei.png|18px|EI]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ei''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ē, ee, ej | |||
|valign="top"| ''m'''ei'''na'' ‘moon’<br />'''''ei'''maeti'' ‘ant’<br />''sw'''ei''''' ‘such, thus’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|valign="top"| œ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eo.png|25px|EO]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''eo''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| oe, ø | |||
|valign="top"| ''w'''eo'''rkjan'' ‘to work’<br />'''''eo'''rkjus'' ‘jug’<br />''d'''eo'''htrjus'' ‘daughters’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''o''' (Griutungi '''o''', Gothic '''au'''). | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|valign="top"| øː~øu̯ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eou.png|40px|EOU]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''eou''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| eoo, eō, ooe | |||
|valign="top"| ''afm'''eou'''ðij'' ‘disagreement’<br />''m'''eou'''gyjis'' ‘girls’<br />''d'''eou'''mjan'' ‘to judge’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''oo''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ō'''). | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|valign="top"| y | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eu.png|28px|EU]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''eu''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| y, ue | |||
|valign="top"| ''f'''eu'''tlijns'' ‘fulfillment’<br />''s'''y'''ndij'' ‘health’<br />'''''y'''nkja'' ‘ounce’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''u'''. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|valign="top"| yː | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-euv.png|42px|EUV]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''euv''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| yy, uue, euu, eeu | |||
|valign="top"| ''h'''euv'''hjan'' ‘to hoard’<br />''s'''euv'''tijs'' ‘gentle’<br />''l'''euv'''kjan'' ‘to latch’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''uv''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ū'''). | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| iu | |||
|valign="top"| ju | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ju.png|23px|JU]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ju''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| iu, iv, jv | |||
|valign="top"| '''''ju'''p'' ‘up’<br />''kn'''ju''''' ‘knee’<br />''þ'''ju'''fs'' ‘thief’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ng | |||
|valign="top"| ŋɡ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ng.png|26px|NG]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ng''' | |||
|valign="top"| 53 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| gg | |||
|valign="top"| ''si'''ng'''van'' ‘to sing’<br />''ga'''ng'''an'' ‘to go’<br />''wi'''ng'''z'' ‘wing’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| nk | |||
|valign="top"| ŋk | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-nk.png|27px|NK]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''nk''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| gk, gc | |||
|valign="top"| ''dri'''nk'''an'' ‘to drink’<br />''a'''nk'''e'' ‘lower leg’<br />''u'''nk'''is'' ‘to us’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| nkw | |||
|valign="top"| ŋkw | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-nqv.png|38px|NQV]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''nqv''' | |||
|valign="top"| 56 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| gq, gqv, nq, nkv, ncu... | |||
|valign="top"| ''i'''nqv'''ar'' ‘your’<br />''hri'''nkv'''an'' ‘to gather’<br />''sa'''nkv'''us'' ‘sunset’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ō | |||
|valign="top"| oː~ou̯ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ou.png|28px|OU]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ou''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| oo, ō, o, ov | |||
|valign="top"| '''''ou'''s'' ‘river-mouth’<br />''s'''ou'''gila'' ‘sun’<br />''t'''ou''''' ‘to, toward’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ū | |||
|valign="top"| uː | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-uv.png|28px|UV]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''uv''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ū, u, uu | |||
|valign="top"| '''''uv'''htvou'' ‘pre-dawn’<br />''þ'''uv'''sundi'' ‘thousand’<br />''h'''uv'''s'' ‘house’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ÿ | |||
|valign="top"| ʏ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-y.png|13px|Y]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''y''' | |||
|valign="top"| 400 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| y, i, u, ui | |||
|valign="top"| ''s'''y'''nagovgei'' ‘synagogue’<br />''h'''y'''hsopus'' ‘hyssop’<br />''þ'''y'''mjam'' ‘incense’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.<br />Our intermediate transcription shows '''ÿ''' for the letter representing Gothic '''𐍅'''/'''w''' from Greek '''υ'''. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from '''eu''' (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period. Numerically, it was equivalent to Gothic '''𐍅''' (400). | |||
|} | |} | ||