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Bźatga: Difference between revisions
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→"To Be"
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* Present participle: ''ĕbôda'' (1st declension) | * Present participle: ''ĕbôda'' (1st declension) | ||
* Participle of necessity: ''bidoja'' | * Participle of necessity: ''bidoja'' | ||
====Other Irregular Verbs==== | |||
The following verbs exhibit some irregularity in their forms: | |||
* ''aća'' "to go" has the verbal stem ''au-'' | |||
* ''vêso'' (3rd declension) "to know" has the present stem ''vid-'' and the past stem ''vêzr-''. | |||
====Modal Verbs==== | |||
Modality is usually expressed with an auxiliary verb preceded by a verbal noun in the NAsg. Modal verbs are simply lexical verbs which conjugate regularly. The object of the main verb is expressed in the genitive, either with a GD noun or a genitive pronoun. | |||
The following are the main modal verbs: | |||
* '''''gala''''' "to be able" is used to express physical ability to do something, e.g. ''ma vela gałdetu'' "you can see me" | |||
* '''''ĺija''''' "to owe" is used to express duty or expectation, e.g. ''atreû aća ĺîdemi'' "I ought to go home" | |||
* '''''vêso''''' "to know" is used to mean "know how to", e.g. ''seba Bźatgu videje'' "they know how to speak Bźatga" | |||
* '''''adaja''''' "to allow" is used in the passive to mean "may" in the sense of having permission, e.g. ''barvuzdu eza adaidoreśi'' "you may eat the bread" | |||
* '''''laja''''' "to dare" is used in the same sense as English "dare", e.g. ''conezdu dĕźrova nălaideźńi'' "we dare not wake the dog" | |||
* '''''mjada''''' "to want, wish" is used to express desire, e.g. '' pa eja văleju Maĺgu aća mjadse'' "Maĺgu wanted to go to bed" | |||
The following modals work in a different way: | |||
* '''''avila''''' "will, wish" may be used to mean "want to" or "willing to". It is used with a genitive noun or a pronoun in a copula sentence along with a verbal noun, e.g. ''cana ma avila es'' "I want to sing" (lit. "singing is my will"), ''eśteza avila Źatne es'' "Źatne wants to sit down". | |||
* '''''ẑira''''' "necessary" is used to express "need to" or "must". It is used in a copula sentence with a verbal noun, with the 'subject' expressed with ''pa'' "to" and the dative of a noun or pronoun, e.g. ''pa ju vela ẑira es'' "he needs to see" (lit. "seeing is necessary to him"), ''advańa ẑira es pa Vêźenu'' "Vêźena must understand". | |||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||