793
edits
Pulqer: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
→Morphology and Grammar
| Line 106: | Line 106: | ||
==Morphology and Grammar== | ==Morphology and Grammar== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
All Pulqer nouns are either masculine or feminine in gender and singular or plural in number | All Pulqer nouns are either masculine or feminine in gender and singular or plural in number but neither of these is marked on the noun itself, which is immutable. For example, ''atyn'' is a masculine noun and can mean "man" or "men" whilst ''hityn'' is feminine and may mean "woman" or "women". | ||
The gender and number of a noun is either unspecified or is indicated by an attached determiner, an article, possessive adjective, demonstrative adjective, interrogative adjective etc. | The gender and number of a noun is either unspecified or is indicated by an attached determiner, an article, possessive adjective, demonstrative adjective, interrogative adjective etc. | ||
===Determiners=== | ===Determiners=== | ||
| Line 143: | Line 141: | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
:: ''nu | :: ''nu atyn'' "a man" | ||
:: ''si | :: ''si atyn'' "the men" | ||
:: ''s' | :: ''s'aśtetyl'' "the star" (< ''sa astetyl'') | ||
:: ''ne kes'' "some houses" | :: ''ne kes'' "some houses" | ||
:: ''sa kat'' "the cat" | :: ''sa kat'' "the cat" | ||
:: ''n'iśtyl'' "the islands" (< ''ni iśtyl'') | :: ''n'iśtyl'' "the islands" (< ''ni iśtyl'') | ||
From the articles, the vowels ''-u, -i, -a, -e'' are used to mark gender and number on other determiners. | |||
====Possessive Adjectives==== | ====Possessive Adjectives==== | ||
Possessive adjectives decline according to the gender and number of the following noun | Possessive adjectives decline according to the gender and number of the following noun as follows: | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 204: | Line 204: | ||
====Demonstrative Adjectives==== | ====Demonstrative Adjectives==== | ||
Demonstrative adjectives show a three way distinction: | |||
* ''kiśtu'' "this" refers to objects close to the speaker | |||
* ''kisu'' "that" refers to objects close to the listener | |||
* ''kitlu'' "that" refers to objects at a distance | |||
All three may function as adjectives preceding the noun or as pronouns; in both cases they must agree with the referent in gender and number. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
! style="width: 100px" rowspan="2;" | | ! style="width: 100px" rowspan="2;" | | ||
| Line 219: | Line 226: | ||
| ''kiśta'' | | ''kiśta'' | ||
| ''kiśte'' | | ''kiśte'' | ||
|- | |||
! This, That | |||
| ''kisu'' | |||
| ''kisi'' | |||
| ''kisa'' | |||
| ''kise'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! That | ! That | ||
| Line 228: | Line 241: | ||
====Interrogative Adjectives==== | ====Interrogative Adjectives==== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 100px" rowspan="2;" | | |||
! colspan="2;" | Masculine | |||
! colspan="2;" | Feminine | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 100px" | Singular | |||
! style="width: 100px" | Plural | |||
! style="width: 100px" | Singular | |||
! style="width: 100px" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Which | |||
| ''kelu'' | |||
| ''keli'' | |||
| ''kela'' | |||
| ''kele'' | |||
|- | |||
! How Much | |||
| ''kantu'' | |||
| ''kanti'' | |||
| ''kanta'' | |||
| ''kante'' | |||
|} | |||
====Indefinite Adjectives==== | |||
* ''alkunu'' "some, any" is declined like ''su'' etc. | |||
* ''altru'' "another, other" | |||
* ''tantu'' "such (an amount), so many" | |||
* ''su metis'' "the same" can occur before nouns as a determiner, e.g. ''su metis atyn'' "the same man" | |||
==Derivation== | ==Derivation== | ||