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Chlouvānem/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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==Negatives== | ==Negatives== | ||
Chlouvānem negates sentences by using the circumfix ''gu(n) ... ša'' on the verb: | Chlouvānem negates sentences by using the circumfix ''gu(n) ... ša'' on the verb: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = nanāt lēn gu mbinē ša. | |||
| gloss = that.<small>DIST-EXESS</small>. <small>1SG.LOC</small>. <small>NEG</small>=be_liked-<small>EXP-IND.PRES.3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT=NEG</small>. | |||
| translation = I don't like it. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = martayinām dvārmu gu nadāmek ša. | |||
| gloss = Martayinām.<small>DIR</small>. room-<small>ACC.SG</small>. <small>NEG</small>=walk_into.<small>PAST.MONODIR-EXP-IND.3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT=NEG</small>. | |||
| translation = Martayinām didn't walk into the room. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = ejulā gun ū ša | |||
| gloss = here. <small>NEG</small>=be.<small>EXP.IND.PRES.1SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT=NEG</small>. | |||
| translation = I'm not here. | |||
}} | |||
The ''ša'' part of the circumfix is omitted if the verb is attributive: | The ''ša'' part of the circumfix is omitted if the verb is attributive: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = ṣveya gun ujunya ša. | |||
| gloss = wall.<small>DIR.SG</small> <small>NEG</small>=paint-<small>EXP-IND.PERF-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT=NEG</small>. | |||
| translation = The wall hasn't been painted. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = gun ujunya ṣveya | |||
| gloss = <small>NEG</small>=paint-<small>EXP-IND.PERF-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. wall.<small>DIR.SG</small> | |||
| translation = the wall that hasn't been painted | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = gu kāmilire alūs | |||
| gloss = <small>NEG</small>=be_blue-<small>EXP-INTERIOR-IND.PRES.3SG.COMMON</small>. bottle.<small>DIR.SG</small> | |||
| translation = the bottle that isn't blue | |||
}} | |||
Double negatives are not proper in Chlouvānem — negating a sentence with a negative correlative makes it affirmative: | Double negatives are not proper in Chlouvānem — negating a sentence with a negative correlative makes it affirmative: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = guvitu mešute. | |||
| gloss = no_one-<small>ACC</small>. see-<small>EXP-IND.PRES.1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = I see no one. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = grāmvitu gu mešute ša. | |||
| gloss = anyone-<small>ACC</small>. <small>NEG</small>=see-<small>EXP-IND.PRES.1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT=NEG</small>. | |||
| translation = I don't see anyone. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = guvitu gu mešute ša. | |||
| gloss = no_one-<small>ACC</small>. <small>NEG</small>=see-<small>EXP-IND.PRES.1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT=NEG</small>. | |||
| translation = *I don't see no one → I see someone. | |||
}} | |||
Such a sentence using a double negation is grammatical, however, it is quite marked: a better translation could be "it is definitely not true that I see no one." | |||
Note that ''ša'' is pronounced as if it were written *ṣa, thus {{IPA|[ʂä]}}, if the verb ends with ''-k'', as in most 3SG past tense forms. | Note that ''ša'' is pronounced as if it were written *ṣa, thus {{IPA|[ʂä]}}, if the verb ends with ''-k'', as in most 3SG past tense forms. | ||