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===Time===
===Time===


Marking of time (tense and aspect) is not obligatory in Ngolu and may always be left up to context.
Marking of time (tense and aspect) is not obligatory in Ngolu and may always be left up to context. For our purposes here, we shall not distinguish between actions (e.g. ''kill'') and states (e.g. ''want'', ''be a house'') as temporal marking is identical for both. The word ''action'' will be used henceforth and should be understood to mean "action or state".




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When time needs to be indicated, it is most often done by means of a verbal indicating a "relative tense" (aspect). The three basic "relative tense" markers are ...  
When time needs to be indicated, it is most often done by means of a verbal indicating a "relative tense" (aspect). These are relative to a contextually understood time in question, the "reference time". The three basic "relative tense" markers are ...  




*'''ti''' "perfect" (PRF), indicating an action or state entirely before the time in question
*'''ti''' "perfect" (PRF), indicating an action that occurred before the reference time
*'''zo''' "progressive" (PROG), indicating an action or state concurrent with the time in question
*'''zo''' "progressive" (PROG), indicating an action underway at the reference time
*'''ka''' "prospective (PROS), indicating an action or state entirely after the time in question.
*'''ka''' "prospective (PROS), indicating an action occurring after the reference time




By default, the "time in question" is the present time. However, if another time is contextually understood, any of these may refer to events in the past, present or future.
By default, the reference is the present, the time in which the utterance is made. However, if another time is contextually understood, any of these may refer to events in the past, present or future.




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The prefix '''e-''' attached to the beginning of any of these aspect markers creates an absolute tense marker. The '''e-''' ensures that time is marked with reference to the current time of speaking rather than to a contextually understood time frame. This is usually only used to disambiguate or to emphasise a time frame.
The prefix '''e-''' attached to the beginning of any of these aspect markers creates an absolute tense marker. The '''e-''' sets the reference time to the current moment in which the utterance is made. This is usually only used to disambiguate or to emphasise a time frame.




*'''eti''' "past" (PST), indicating an action or state entirely in the past.
*'''eti''' "past" (PST), indicating an action that occurred in the past
*'''ezo''' "present" (PRES), indicating an action or state occurring in the present.
*'''ezo''' "present" (PRES), indicating an action underway in the present
*'''eka''' "future (FUT), indicating an action or state that will occur in the future.
*'''eka''' "future (FUT), indicating an action that will occur in the future




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|}


There are also compounds formed from two time words that indicate continuation from one time frame to another using a linking ''-e-''. This linking ''-e-'' is probably not related to the ''e-'' of absolute temporal reference, but to the ''e-'' prefix of dative case nominals and the derivation prefix ''e-'' that can be added to verbals indicating motion towards something.
*'''tiezo''' (PRF.PROG), indicating an action that starting before the reference time and continuing up to it
*'''zueka''' (PROG-PROS), indicating an action continuing from the reference time and extending to a later time
*'''etiezo''' (PRF.PROG), indicating an action that started in the past and continues to the present
*'''ezueka''' (PROG-PROS), indicating an action that starts in the present and will continue into the future.
In addition, the word '''bie''' contrasts with '''zo'''. Whereas '''zo''' specifies that an action is underway at the reference time, essentially taking a "snapshot" of the interior of an action, after its beginning and before its completion, '''bie''' specifies perfectivity, metaphorically painting a picture of the whole completed action without permitting a look inside. On its own, it does not specify whether the completed action occurs before or after the reference time, but it does explicitly specify that the action is ''not'' underway at the reference time.
Both ''bie'' and ''zo'' may be suffixed to other verbals indicating time in order to explicitly distinguish the imperfective (progressive) aspect from the perfective aspect, while also specifying time.
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | perfectivity:
| style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | undefined
| style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | imperfective (progressive)
| style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | perfective
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | undefined time
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | -
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | zo
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | bie
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | relative time
| style="text-align: right; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | past
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | ti
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | tizo
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | tibie
|-
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | past→present
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | tiezo
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | -
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | -
|-
| style="text-align: right; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | present
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | zo
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | -
|-
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | present→future
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | zueka
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | -
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | -
|-
| style="text-align: right; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | future
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | ka
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | kazo
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | kabie
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | absolute time
| style="text-align: right; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | past
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | eti
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | etizo
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | etibie
|-
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | past→present
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | etiezo
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | -
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | -
|-
| style="text-align: right; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | present
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | ezo
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | -
|-
| style="text-align: right; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | present→future
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | ezueka
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | -
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | -
|-
| style="text-align: right; text-decoration:underline; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | future
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | eka
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | ekazo
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:rgb(0, 0, 0);" | ekabie
|}
Note that '''zo''' appears twice in the table although it really only has one function; it specifies an action underway at the reference time (i.e. concurrent with it), which itself may be unspecified.
The reduplicated forms '''zozo''' ('these days', 'in those days') and '''ezozo''' ('these days') do not appear in the above table as they indicate a loosening of the bounds of the reference time or current time. The reference or current time can be tightened or emphasised with '''bazo''' ('right now', 'right then', 'at that/this very moment') or '''ebazo''' ('right now', 'at this very moment').


More than one time word can be used together.
More than one time word can be used together.
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There are also compounds formed from two time words that indicate continuation from one time frame to another using a linking 'e'.
The distance from the time in question can be indicated by adding time specifiers after the tense or aspect marker and then introducing the rest of the sentence with '''to'''. The forms with '''e-''' indicate distance from the present ('''eti''' "ago", '''etiezo''' "for", '''eka''' "in") while the forms without '''e-''' may indicate distance from the reference time ('''ti''' "before", '''ka''' "later").
 
 
*'''tiezo''' (PRF.PROG), indicating an action or state occurring before and continuing up to the contextually understood time
*'''zoeka''' / '''zueka''' (PROG-PROS), indicating an action or state occurring at the contextually understood time and extending into the future
*'''etiezo''' (PRF.PROG), indicating an action or state that started in the past and continues to the present
*'''ezoeka''' / '''ezueka''' (PROG-PROS), indicating an action or state that starts in the present and will continue into the future.
 
 
The distance from the time in question can be indicated by adding time specifiers after the tense or aspect marker and then introducing the rest of the sentence with '''to'''. The forms with '''e-''' indicate distance from the present ('''eti''' "ago", '''etiezo''' "for", '''eka''' "in") while the forms without '''e-''' may indicate distance from a contextually understood time ('''ti''' "before", '''ka''' "later").




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| colspan="6" | ''{{color|MediumBlue|Two years ago,}} s/he fell ill.''
| colspan="6" | ''{{color|MediumBlue|Two years ago,}} s/he fell ill.''
|}
|}




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* '''hua''' "always", "permanently" [gnomic]
* '''hua''' "always", "permanently" [gnomic]
* '''niu''' "habitually" [habitual]
* '''niu''' "habitually" [habitual]
* '''guegue''' "repeatedly", "again and again"
* '''guegue''' "repeatedly", "again and again" [iterative]
* '''egue''' "again"
* '''egue''' "again"
* '''tara''' "suddenly"
* '''tara''' "suddenly"
Imralu
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