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Predicates are also divided into three classes: State verbs, Inchoative verbs, and Causative verbs. (The Matrix Model calls these: State verbs, Process verbs, and Action Verbs, respectively.) State verbs denote an unchanging state or condition. Examples are: be good, be tall, be old, be happy, be hungry, be sad, see, hear, have, lack, be at, be inside, be outside, be ready to walk, be on (day), weigh, and measure. Inchoative verbs include: get better, get taller, become happier, get hungrier, become sadder, spy, start to hear, get, lose, arrive, enter, exit, walk, last (for time), allocate, and appropriate. Causative verbs include: make good, make tall, make old, make hungry, make sad, show, make hear, give, discard, take away, bring, insert, remove, walk (a dog), spend (time), add, and subtract. State verbs are taken to be the basic form of verbs with the Inchoative and Causative verbs being derived from State verbs. An Inchoative verb is derived from a State verb by adding the inchoative notion of becoming or changing. A Causative verb is derived from an Inchoative verb by adding the notion of causation. A simple example would be the verbs be hungry, become hungry, and make hungry. '''Be hungry''' is a state verb; it denotes an unchanging state. '''Become hungry''' is derived from '''be hungry''' by adding the notion of becoming; therefore, '''become hungry''' is an Inchoative verb. '''Make hungry''' is derived from become by adding the notion of causing; therefore, '''make hungry''' is a Causative verb. | Predicates are also divided into three classes: State verbs, Inchoative verbs, and Causative verbs. (The Matrix Model calls these: State verbs, Process verbs, and Action Verbs, respectively.) State verbs denote an unchanging state or condition. Examples are: be good, be tall, be old, be happy, be hungry, be sad, see, hear, have, lack, be at, be inside, be outside, be ready to walk, be on (day), weigh, and measure. Inchoative verbs include: get better, get taller, become happier, get hungrier, become sadder, spy, start to hear, get, lose, arrive, enter, exit, walk, last (for time), allocate, and appropriate. Causative verbs include: make good, make tall, make old, make hungry, make sad, show, make hear, give, discard, take away, bring, insert, remove, walk (a dog), spend (time), add, and subtract. State verbs are taken to be the basic form of verbs with the Inchoative and Causative verbs being derived from State verbs. An Inchoative verb is derived from a State verb by adding the inchoative notion of becoming or changing. A Causative verb is derived from an Inchoative verb by adding the notion of causation. A simple example would be the verbs be hungry, become hungry, and make hungry. '''Be hungry''' is a state verb; it denotes an unchanging state. '''Become hungry''' is derived from '''be hungry''' by adding the notion of becoming; therefore, '''become hungry''' is an Inchoative verb. '''Make hungry''' is derived from become by adding the notion of causing; therefore, '''make hungry''' is a Causative verb. | ||
In the Matrix Model, Walter Cook designates '''be''' as a verb in its own right. I disagree with him. I view '''be''' as a predicative particle that attaches to syntactic nouns and adjectives to yield State verbs. In Eska state predicates include '''be + complement'''. '''Become''' | In the Matrix Model, Walter Cook designates '''be''' as a verb in its own right. I disagree with him. I view '''be''' as a predicative particle that attaches to syntactic nouns and adjectives to yield State verbs. In Eska state predicates include '''be + complement'''. '''Become + compliment''' yields an Inchoative verb. '''make + compliment''' yields a Causative verb. | ||
Two other important differences will be noted here: the Matrix Model allows two occurrences of the Object case within the same clause. In Eska using Extended Case Grammar, I disallow this; I reinterpret these clauses as having an Object case and a Benefactive case. The Matrix Model only allows a clause to be embedded under the Object case. Extended Case Grammar and Eska in particular allow clauses to be embedded under any case. Embedding a clause under the Agent case has the effect of a '''because''' clause. | Two other important differences will be noted here: the Matrix Model allows two occurrences of the Object case within the same clause. In Eska using Extended Case Grammar, I disallow this; I reinterpret these clauses as having an Object case and a Benefactive case. The Matrix Model only allows a clause to be embedded under the Object case. Extended Case Grammar and Eska in particular allow clauses to be embedded under any case. Embedding a clause under the Agent case has the effect of a '''because''' clause. | ||