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→Periphrastic forms
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*: e.g. ''trubanti iara'' "I was singing" | *: e.g. ''trubanti iara'' "I was singing" | ||
* Past reportative (for most verbs) / simple past (for formerly deponent verbs): past participle + present of ''haviri'' <small>(transitive verbs)</small>/''siḍiri'' <small>(intransitive)</small> | * Past reportative (for most verbs) / simple past (for formerly deponent verbs): past participle + present of ''haviri'' <small>(transitive verbs)</small>/''siḍiri'' <small>(intransitive)</small> | ||
*: e.g. ''truboṭ hal'' "[it's said that] (s)he sang" — ''aḍeut | *: e.g. ''truboṭ hal'' "[it's said that] (s)he sang" — ''aḍeut haju'' "I got" — ''iṭ ê'' "[it's said that] (s)he went" | ||
* Pluperfect reportative (for most verbs) / pluperfect (for formerly deponent verbs): past participle + imperfect of ''haviri'' <small>(transitive verbs)</small>/''siḍiri'' <small>(intransitive)</small> | * Pluperfect reportative (for most verbs) / pluperfect (for formerly deponent verbs): past participle + imperfect of ''haviri'' <small>(transitive verbs)</small>/''siḍiri'' <small>(intransitive)</small> | ||
*: e.g. ''truboṭ hival'' "[it's said that] (s)he had sung" — ''aḍeut hiva'' "I had got" — ''iṭ iaral'' "[it's said that] (s)he had gone" | *: e.g. ''truboṭ hival'' "[it's said that] (s)he had sung" — ''aḍeut hiva'' "I had got" — ''iṭ iaral'' "[it's said that] (s)he had gone" | ||
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*: e.g. ''truboṭur iṭur/fuṭur sungu'' "I will have sung" | *: e.g. ''truboṭur iṭur/fuṭur sungu'' "I will have sung" | ||
In the dialects of Eastern Numidia and coastal Central Numidia, the future is built the same way as in Sicilian and Sardinian, with ''haviri aḍ'' plus the infinitive: | In the dialects of Eastern Numidia and coastal Central Numidia, the future is built the same way as in Sicilian and Sardinian, with ''haviri aḍ'' plus the infinitive: | ||
* '' | * ''haju aḍ trubori'' = ''truboṭur sungu'' | ||
* '' | * ''haju aḍ haviri truboṭ'' = ''truboṭur iṭur sungu'' | ||
The passive forms are also formed periphrastically, with a passive participle and the corresponding forms of ''siḍiri'': | The passive forms are also formed periphrastically, with a passive participle and the corresponding forms of ''siḍiri'': | ||
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* Present: ''aḍipiscu doṭ'' "it is given [to me]" | * Present: ''aḍipiscu doṭ'' "it is given [to me]" | ||
* Imperfect: ''aḍipisciva doṭ'' "it was given [to me]" | * Imperfect: ''aḍipisciva doṭ'' "it was given [to me]" | ||
* Past: '' | * Past: ''haju aḍeut doṭ'' "it has been/was given [to me]" | ||
* Pluperfect: ''hiva aḍeut doṭ'' "it was been given [to me]" | * Pluperfect: ''hiva aḍeut doṭ'' "it was been given [to me]" | ||
* Future: ''aḍeutur sungu doṭ'' "it will be given [to me]" | * Future: ''aḍeutur sungu doṭ'' "it will be given [to me]" | ||
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* ''Apirunt-us di tria quilugrama di orisa.'' "Three kilograms of rice are bought." | * ''Apirunt-us di tria quilugrama di orisa.'' "Three kilograms of rice are bought." | ||
* ''Apisiṭ fui dil pon tras mama ma.'' "I have been bought the bread by mom." | * ''Apisiṭ fui dil pon tras mama ma.'' "I have been bought the bread by mom." | ||
* ''Il pon | * ''Il pon haju aḍeut apisiṭ tras mama ma.'' "The bread has been bought for me by mom." | ||
Epistemic modality is expressed through four different constructions, with either the infinitive or a content clause. In order of probability, they are ''possiviri ê'', ''poṭ siḍiri'', ''proisiviri ê'', and ''divil siḍiri'': | Epistemic modality is expressed through four different constructions, with either the infinitive or a content clause. In order of probability, they are ''possiviri ê'', ''poṭ siḍiri'', ''proisiviri ê'', and ''divil siḍiri'': | ||