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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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→Particles (remīk)
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==Particles (''remīk'')== | ==Particles (''remīk'')== | ||
Traditional Chlouvānem grammar only recognizes a single part of speech called "particles" (''remīn'', literally "helper(s)") which includes conjunctions, postpositions, and interjections. However, these three are recognized as subsets of particles - here translated as "conjunctive particles" (''natemālāhai remīn''), "accompanying particles", i.e. postpositions (''ūtimāhai remīn''), and "exclamatory particles" (''pigdilanah nali remīn''). | Traditional Chlouvānem grammar only recognizes a single part of speech called "particles" (''remīn'', literally "helper(s)") which includes conjunctions, postpositions, and interjections. However, these three are recognized as subsets of particles - here translated as "conjunctive particles" (''natemālāhai remīn''), "accompanying particles", i.e. postpositions (''ūtimāhai remīn''), and "exclamatory particles" (''pigdilanah nali remīn''). | ||
Many Chlouvānem particles are grammaticalized usages of other words, some of them no longer being used in their original meaning in contemporary use (e.g. ''varve''). | |||
===Conjunctive particles=== | ===Conjunctive particles=== | ||
Conjunctive particles may not stand syntactically alone and, with a few exceptions, don't require any particular case of a noun. Most of them function, or are also used, as conjunctions between sentences. | Conjunctive particles may not stand syntactically alone and, with a few exceptions, don't require any particular case of a noun. Most of them function, or are also used, as conjunctions between sentences. | ||
* '''jahān''' — anyway (conjunction or second position adverb) | * '''jahān''' — anyway (conjunction or second position adverb) | ||
* '''lai''' — inclusive or | * '''lai''' — inclusive or | ||
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* '''najelai''' — maybe. Originally the archaic potential form of ''najalle'' (to happen). Sentence-final, requires a verb in the subjunctive mood, e.g. ''yahatite najelai'' "maybe I'll read it". | * '''najelai''' — maybe. Originally the archaic potential form of ''najalle'' (to happen). Sentence-final, requires a verb in the subjunctive mood, e.g. ''yahatite najelai'' "maybe I'll read it". | ||
* '''nānim''' — almost; if used with nouns, requires essive case. | * '''nānim''' — almost; if used with nouns, requires essive case. | ||
* '''nanū''' — also, too (only between sentences, cf. '' | * '''nanū''' — also, too (only between sentences, cf. ''tan''). A different use of the adverb meaning "more". | ||
* '''ni''' — but (in second position) | * '''ni''' — but (in second position) | ||
* '''no''' — and (in complete listings, cf. ''las''); same placement as ''las''. Also used to conjoin sentences, but ''sama'' is preferred, especially when there are different subjects (triggered arguments). | * '''no''' — and (in complete listings, cf. ''las''); same placement as ''las''. Also used to conjoin sentences, but ''sama'' is preferred, especially when there are different subjects (triggered arguments). | ||
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* '''sama''' ('''sam''' before vowels) — and (between sentences only, cf. ''las'' and ''no'') | * '''sama''' ('''sam''' before vowels) — and (between sentences only, cf. ''las'' and ''no'') | ||
* '''tadye''' — despite that (between sentences), cf. ''tatta''. | * '''tadye''' — despite that (between sentences), cf. ''tatta''. | ||
* '''tan''' — also, too; used adverbially and between sentences (where, however, ''nanū'' is more common). | |||
* '''tatta''' — despite, even though; requires a noun in the essive case or a subjunctive verb (e.g. ''gu talunīs ša tatta dadrā'' "even though you didn't come, it has been done."). Colloquially, it is also used anaphorically, instead of ''tadye''; however, it is considered bad style in formal language. | * '''tatta''' — despite, even though; requires a noun in the essive case or a subjunctive verb (e.g. ''gu talunīs ša tatta dadrā'' "even though you didn't come, it has been done."). Colloquially, it is also used anaphorically, instead of ''tadye''; however, it is considered bad style in formal language. | ||
* ''' | * '''varve''' — instead of; requires genitive case or subjunctive mood. Originally the locative singular of ''varva'' "form", no longer used in contemporary Chlouvānem. | ||
** '''samvarve''' — on the other hand, whereas | |||
* '''vivāmi''' — "too much", adverbial or postpositive, requiring genitive case in the latter usage. | * '''vivāmi''' — "too much", adverbial or postpositive, requiring genitive case in the latter usage. | ||
* '''væse''' — while, in the meantime; "during (the)" with nouns. Requires a verb in the subjunctive mood or a noun in the essive (or, meaning-dependant, exessive or translative) case. | * '''væse''' — while, in the meantime; "during (the)" with nouns. Requires a verb in the subjunctive mood or a noun in the essive (or, meaning-dependant, exessive or translative) case. | ||