Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions

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Proper names are indeclinable, i.e. they are always definite, and cannot be possessed.
Proper names are indeclinable, i.e. they are always definite, and cannot be possessed.
====Number====
====Number====
Dual is used for body parts (e.g. ''timqâr'' 'eyes') as well as opposing or complementary concepts (e.g. ''rynšrîe'' which denotes the two biological or grammatical genders, as opposed to plural ''rynšrír'' which refers to 'classes/categories' in general). The asssociative suffix ''-ang-'' may be combined with the dual to form the associative dual (e.g. ''rommangâr'' 'two sides/pages of a paper', ''vōligangâir'' 'marriage').
Dual is used for body parts (e.g. ''timqâr'' 'eyes') as well as opposing or complementary concepts (e.g. ''rynthrîe'' which denotes the two biological or grammatical genders, as opposed to plural ''rynthrír'' which refers to 'classes/categories' in general). The asssociative suffix ''-ang-'' may be combined with the dual to form the associative dual (e.g. ''rommangâr'' 'two sides/pages of a paper', ''vōligangâir'' 'marriage').


====Definiteness====
====Definiteness====
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Every noun falls under one of four tonal paradigms.
Every noun falls under one of four tonal paradigms.
#''canǔar'' ('sitting'): The most common paradigm, the downstep remains stationary, except as required by downstep rules or in the presence of the downstep-attracting absolute possession suffixes.
#''canǔar'' ('sitting'): The most common paradigm, the downstep remains stationary, except as required by downstep rules or in the presence of the downstep-attracting absolute possession suffixes.
#''šynŧǐel'' ('shunning/evading'): The downstep is never on the suffix.
#''thynŧǐel'' ('shunning/evading'): The downstep is never on the suffix.
#''the̋nác'' ('standing'): Every suffix, except for conjunct possessive suffixes, bear the downstep.
#''the̋nác'' ('standing'): Every suffix, except for conjunct possessive suffixes, bear the downstep.
#''gánħārém'' ('skipping/tumbling'): The downstep is one mora before the boundary of the suffix in the base form, and moves to the desinence upon inflection by a definite suffix.
#''gánħārém'' ('skipping/tumbling'): The downstep is one mora before the boundary of the suffix in the base form, and moves to the desinence upon inflection by a definite suffix.
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A descendant of a language with developed noun and adjective cases, Themsaran preserves vestigial case marking. The nominal and adjectival endings are themselves diachronically derived from case markers in the ancestral Proto-Talsmic language:  
A descendant of a language with developed noun and adjective cases, Themsaran preserves vestigial case marking. The nominal and adjectival endings are themselves diachronically derived from case markers in the ancestral Proto-Talsmic language:  
=====Irregular definiteness=====
=====Irregular definiteness=====
The definite unpossessed inflection is a generalization from the accusative case, which marked the definite direct object in addition to adverbial uses, certain oblique objects and time expressions. On the other hand, the indefinite base endings diachronically stem from the genitive case (from its partitive meaning and frequency in prepositional phrases); the predicative adjective endings as well as most forms where possessive suffixes are attached, come from the nominative. As such definiteness is required in objects of a small number of prepositions, and some time expressions (e.g. ''nǐežȁm''/''minâm''/''crúamâm'' (< *''nējĵȁ-mī'' etc., instead of the expected ''*nǐežètem'' < **''nējĵet-mī'') "today"/"tonight"/"tomorrow", ''nǐežȁŧ'' ("that day"), ''crúamâ/ra̋zȁ/ħípšȁ/minâ'' "in the morning/at daytime/at dusk/at night") and adverbial expressions.
The definite unpossessed inflection is a generalization from the accusative case, which marked the definite direct object in addition to adverbial uses, certain oblique objects and time expressions. On the other hand, the indefinite base endings diachronically stem from the genitive case (from its partitive meaning and frequency in prepositional phrases); the predicative adjective endings as well as most forms where possessive suffixes are attached, come from the nominative. As such definiteness is required in objects of a small number of prepositions, and some time expressions (e.g. ''nǐeðȁm''/''minâm''/''crúamâm'' (< *''nējĵȁ-mī'' etc., instead of the expected ''*nǐeðètem'' < **''nējĵet-mī'') "today"/"tonight"/"tomorrow", ''nǐeðȁŧ'' ("that day"), ''crúamâ/ra̋zȁ/ħípthȁ/minâ'' "in the morning/at daytime/at dusk/at night") and adverbial expressions.


=====Fossilized oblique cases=====
=====Fossilized oblique cases=====
The frozen oblique cases (ablative, instrumental/locative and allative) are largely found in two lexical classes: adverbs and prepositions.
The frozen oblique cases (ablative, instrumental/locative and allative) are largely found in two lexical classes: adverbs and prepositions.
Ablatives, found in causal expressions, end in ''-ēn'', ''-ān'', and ''-īn'' for the first, second and third declensions respectively; the instrumental/locative ends in ''-īl'' (1) or ''-ai'' (2); and the allative, often found in purpose expressions, ends in ''-šŧ''.
Ablatives, found in causal expressions, end in ''-ēn'', ''-ān'', and ''-īn'' for the first, second and third declensions respectively; the instrumental/locative ends in ''-īl'' (1) or ''-ai'' (2); and the allative, often found in purpose expressions, ends in ''-thŧ''.


The instrumental/locative suffix ''-īl'' derive adverbs and prepositions of location, manner or concern. The feminine counterpart ''-ai'' form adverbs from original feminine nouns, and has derived "in language X" adverbs and the instrumental preposition ''nai'' itself.
The instrumental/locative suffix ''-īl'' derive adverbs and prepositions of location, manner or concern. The feminine counterpart ''-ai'' form adverbs from original feminine nouns, and has derived "in language X" adverbs and the instrumental preposition ''nai'' itself.
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|-
|-
!|elative
!|elative
|''-rŷn'' (''š'')
|''-rŷn'' (''th'')
|-
|-
!|negative comparative
!|negative comparative
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|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
|''žá''
|''ðá''
|''žôr''
|''ðôr''
|''žû''
|''ðû''
|-
|-
!|3.f
!|3.f
|''žî''
|''ðî''
|''žŷr''
|''ðŷr''
|''žân''
|''ðân''
|-
|-
!|4.m
!|4.m
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====Demonstrative====
====Demonstrative====
The demonstratives have identical endings to personal pronouns in the feminine singular, the dual and the plural. The adnominal demonstratives are ''mé'' (near speaker), ''ħé'' (near hearer), and ''ŧá'' (distal; identical to 4th person pronoun), and the pronominal demonstratives are ''ím(é)'', ''íž(á)'', and ''íŧ(á)''.
The demonstratives have identical endings to personal pronouns in the feminine singular, the dual and the plural. The adnominal demonstratives are ''mé'' (near speaker), ''ħé'' (near hearer), and ''ŧá'' (distal; identical to 4th person pronoun), and the pronominal demonstratives are ''ím(é)'', ''íð(á)'', and ''íŧ(á)''.


When a demonstrative modifies a noun phrase, the noun and adjective modified take the indefinite form if unpossessed, and the definite form if possessed.
When a demonstrative modifies a noun phrase, the noun and adjective modified take the indefinite form if unpossessed, and the definite form if possessed.
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|rowspan="2" colspan="2"|''ıaıért;'' ''la [...] ıé'', ''la [...] ıán''
|rowspan="2" colspan="2"|''ıaıért;'' ''la [...] ıé'', ''la [...] ıán''
|rowspan=2|''rôg'', ''mýs'' (adjective)
|rowspan=2|''rôg'', ''mýs'' (adjective)
|rowspan=2|''šivé''
|rowspan=2|''thivé''
|-
|-
!|Pronominal
!|Pronominal
|''ímé''
|''ímé''
|''ížá''
|''íðá''
|''íŧá''
|''íŧá''
|''mércár'' (human); ''mérsát'' (nonhuman)
|''mércár'' (human); ''mérsát'' (nonhuman)
Line 1,037: Line 1,037:
|
|
|
|
|''rőcšȉl''
|''rőcthȉl''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
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|
|
|
|
|''smáršivé''
|''smárthivé''
|-
|-
!|Origin
!|Origin
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|
|
|
|
|''glé smáršivé''
|''glé smárthivé''
|-
|-
!|Destination
!|Destination
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|
|
|
|
|''vó smáršivé''
|''vó smárthivé''
|-
|-
!|Time
!|Time
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|-
|-
!|Quantity/Extent
!|Quantity/Extent
|''ıávēš''
|''ıávēth''
|''mévēš''
|''mévēth''
|''ħévēš''
|''ħévēth''
|''ŧévēš''
|''ŧévēth''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
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|
|
|
|
|''rőcšȉl''
|''rőcthȉl''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
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An example of a fully inflected verb:
An example of a fully inflected verb:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase = mizecheclēzittnevanarér
|phrase = mizecheclēzittnevanarýr
|IPA=/mìzexekleːzitːnevꜜriːn/
|IPA=/mìzexekleːzitːnevꜜriːn/
|morphemes = mi-<abbr title="reduplicant">RDPL[zec]</abbr>-he-clēz-iħ-tn-va-nar-er
|morphemes = mi-<abbr title="reduplicant">RDPL[zec]</abbr>-he-clēz-iħ-tn-va-nar-r
|gloss = <abbr title="applicative, goal">APP.GOAL</abbr>-<abbr title="subjunctive">SBJV</abbr>-<abbr title="past imperfective">PAST.IPFV</abbr>-mix-<abbr title="inceptive">ICP</abbr>-<abbr title="applicative suffix">APP</abbr>-<abbr title="mediopassive">PSS</abbr>-/PAST.IPFV.3SG.F<abbr title="subject&gt;object">></abbr>3PL.F
|gloss = <abbr title="applicative, goal">APP.GOAL</abbr>-<abbr title="subjunctive">SBJV</abbr>-<abbr title="past imperfective">PAST.IPFV</abbr>-mix-<abbr title="inceptive">ICP</abbr>-<abbr title="applicative suffix">APP</abbr>-<abbr title="mediopassive">PSS</abbr>-/PAST.IPFV.3SG.F<abbr title="subject&gt;object">></abbr>3PL.F
|translation = they supposedly were beginning to obtain it by mixing them}}
|translation = they supposedly were beginning to obtain it by mixing them}}
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The jussive is a finite verb form that bears a wide range of uses:
The jussive is a finite verb form that bears a wide range of uses:
* optatives (wishes), polite requests and hortatives (urging).
* optatives (wishes), polite requests and hortatives (urging).
:'''''Žuadisá áromizé'''''
:'''''Ðuadisá áromizé'''''
:<small>be_long-JUSS.3SG.F life-DEF.2SG.M</small>
:<small>be_long-JUSS.3SG.F life-DEF.2SG.M</small>
:''May your life be long!''
:''May your life be long!''
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:''He urged that I go back.''
:''He urged that I go back.''
* impersonal instructions, in the passive
* impersonal instructions, in the passive
:'''''chavystisá hadísā ýrnašâ'''''
:'''''chavystisá hadísā ýrnathâ'''''
:<small>lower/JUSS.3SG.F note-DEF.SG second-DEF.SG.F</small>
:<small>lower/JUSS.3SG.F note-DEF.SG second-DEF.SG.F</small>
:''the second note is to be lowered''
:''the second note is to be lowered''
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The inceptive expresses the beginning of a imperfective period in time of the action, and is expressed by the suffix ''-iħ-'' placed after the stem.
The inceptive expresses the beginning of a imperfective period in time of the action, and is expressed by the suffix ''-iħ-'' placed after the stem.
======Cessative======
======Cessative======
The cessative expresses the end of an imperfective period in time of the action, and is expressed by is the suffix ''-rš-''. It can also express perfect in certain circumstances.
The cessative expresses the end of an imperfective period in time of the action, and is expressed by is the suffix ''-rth-''. It can also express perfect in certain circumstances.


=====Supplementary moods=====
=====Supplementary moods=====
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*''b/p+h→f''
*''b/p+h→f''
*''d/t+h→th''
*''d/t+h→th''
*''ž/ŧ+h→š''
*''ð/ŧ+h→th''
*''g/c+h→ch''
*''g/c+h→ch''


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|-
|-
!|Example
!|Example
|''aštýn''
|''athtýn''
|''aštyzé''
|''athtyzé''
|''aštví''
|''athtví''
|''aštý''
|''athtý''
|''aští''
|''athtí''
|''ašteŧý''
|''athteŧý''
|''ašteŧí''
|''athteŧí''
|''aštrén''
|''athtrén''
|''aštíð''
|''athtíð''
|''astithe''
|''astithe''
|''astıâr''
|''astıâr''
|''astıâir''
|''astıâir''
|''asteŧâr''
|''asteŧâr''
|''ašteŧâir''
|''athteŧâir''
|''aštám''
|''athtám''
|''aštýnt''
|''athtýnt''
|''aštisħé''
|''athtisħé''
|''aštých''
|''athtých''
|''aštýr''
|''athtýr''
|''aštyŧéch''
|''athtyŧéch''
|''aštyŧér''
|''athtyŧér''
|''áštyth''
|''áthtyth''
|}
|}


The following prepositions have completely regular inflection:
The following prepositions have completely regular inflection:
* ''ašt'' 'without, except' (negation of comitative)
* ''atht'' 'without, except' (negation of comitative)
* ''chang'' 'concerning'
* ''chang'' 'concerning'
* ''det'' 'towards, until'
* ''det'' 'towards, until'
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* ''vórêl'' 'for, for sake of'
* ''vórêl'' 'for, for sake of'
* ''zom'' 'between'
* ''zom'' 'between'
* ''žymai'' 'without' (negation of instrumental)
* ''ðymai'' 'without' (negation of instrumental)


The following prepositions are irregular:
The following prepositions are irregular:
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|''vōdéch'', ''vôch''
|''vōdéch'', ''vôch''
|''vōdér'', ''vôr''
|''vōdér'', ''vôr''
|''vošŧéch''
|''vothŧéch''
|''vošŧér''
|''vothŧér''
|''vōdéth''
|''vōdéth''
|-
|-
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|?
|?
|''ıíes''
|''ıíes''
|''ıínáš''
|''ıínáth''
|''ıístèr''
|''ıístèr''
|''ıísslè''
|''ıísslè''
|''ıissínde''
|''ıissínde''
|''ıíníež''
|''ıíníeð''
|
|
|-
|-
|1
|1
|''cêm''
|''cêm''
|''félàš''
|''félàth''
|''ce̋mtèr''
|''ce̋mtèr''
|''cêmslè''
|''cêmslè''
|''-''
|''-''
|''ce̋míež''
|''ce̋míeð''
|''dóvîem''
|''dóvîem''
|-
|-
|2
|2
|''títhâr''
|''títhâr''
|''ŷrnàš''
|''ŷrnàth''
|''tístèr''
|''tístèr''
|''tístlè''
|''tístlè''
|''ra̋ħé''
|''ra̋ħé''
|''títhiež''
|''títhieð''
|''tívîem''
|''tívîem''
|-
|-
|3
|3
|''nárgè''
|''nárgè''
|''palsáš''
|''palsáth''
|''nártèr''
|''nártèr''
|''nárslè''
|''nárslè''
|''nárgínde''
|''nárgínde''
|''náríež''
|''náríeð''
|''nárvîem''
|''nárvîem''
|-
|-
|4
|4
|''mulé''
|''mulé''
|''muláš''
|''muláth''
|''múltèr''
|''múltèr''
|''mulslé''
|''mulslé''
|''mulínde''
|''mulínde''
|''mulǐež''
|''mulǐeð''
|''mulvîem''
|''mulvîem''
|-
|-
|5
|5
|''nilŧé''
|''nilŧé''
|''nilŧáš''
|''nilŧáth''
|''nílŧèr''
|''nílŧèr''
|''nilslé''
|''nilslé''
|''nilŧínde''
|''nilŧínde''
|''nilŧǐež''
|''nilŧǐeð''
|''nilvîem''
|''nilvîem''
|-
|-
|6
|6
|''ftāmé''
|''ftāmé''
|''ftāmáš''
|''ftāmáth''
|''ftǎmtèr''
|''ftǎmtèr''
|''ftāmslé''
|''ftāmslé''
|''ftāmínde''
|''ftāmínde''
|''ftāmǐež''
|''ftāmǐeð''
|''ftāvîem''
|''ftāvîem''
|-
|-
|7
|7
|''rūdé''
|''rūdé''
|''rūdáš''
|''rūdáth''
|''rǔttèr''
|''rǔttèr''
|''rūsslé''
|''rūsslé''
|''rūdínde''
|''rūdínde''
|''rūdǐež''
|''rūdǐeð''
|''rūvîem''
|''rūvîem''
|-
|-
|8
|8
|''lozedé''
|''lozedé''
|''lozedáš''
|''lozedáth''
|''lóster''
|''lóster''
|''lorlé''
|''lorlé''
|''lozínde''
|''lozínde''
|''lozǐež''
|''lozǐeð''
|''lorvîem''
|''lorvîem''
|-
|-
|9
|9
|''fárvé''
|''fárvé''
|''fárváš''
|''fárváth''
|''fártèr''
|''fártèr''
|''fárslé''
|''fárslé''
|''fárvínde''
|''fárvínde''
|''fáríež''
|''fáríeð''
|''fárvîem''
|''fárvîem''
|-
|-
|10/A<sub>20</sub>
|10/A<sub>20</sub>
|''ħȳré''
|''ħȳré''
|''ħȳráš''
|''ħȳráth''
|''ħȳrtér''
|''ħȳrtér''
|''ħȳrslè''
|''ħȳrslè''
|''ħȳrínde''
|''ħȳrínde''
|''ħȳríež''
|''ħȳríeð''
|''ħȳvîem''
|''ħȳvîem''
|-
|-
Line 2,090: Line 2,090:
|20/10<sub>20</sub>
|20/10<sub>20</sub>
|''nevsé''
|''nevsé''
|''nevsáš''
|''nevsáth''
|''nétvèr''
|''nétvèr''
|''nevsré''
|''nevsré''
|''nevsínde''
|''nevsínde''
|''nevǐež''
|''nevǐeð''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,207: Line 2,207:
|400/100<sub>20</sub>
|400/100<sub>20</sub>
|''ŧaflé''
|''ŧaflé''
|''ŧafláš''
|''ŧafláth''
|''ŧáflèr''
|''ŧáflèr''
|''ŧafslé''
|''ŧafslé''
|''ŧaflínde''
|''ŧaflínde''
|''ŧaflǐež''
|''ŧaflǐeð''
|
|
|-
|-
|20<sup>3</sup>/1000<sub>20</sub>
|20<sup>3</sup>/1000<sub>20</sub>
|''idré''
|''idré''
|''idráš''
|''idráth''
|''ídrer''
|''ídrer''
|''idreslé''
|''idreslé''
|''idrínde''
|''idrínde''
|''idrǐež''
|''idrǐeð''
|
|
|-
|-
|20<sup>4</sup>/10000<sub>20</sub>
|20<sup>4</sup>/10000<sub>20</sub>
|''zathné''
|''zathné''
|''zathnáš''
|''zathnáth''
|''zástèr''
|''zástèr''
|''zathneslé''
|''zathneslé''
|''zathrínde''
|''zathrínde''
|''zathnǐež''
|''zathnǐeð''
|
|
|}
|}
Line 2,302: Line 2,302:


===Predicative possession===
===Predicative possession===
"X has Y" is expressed with the construction "''[[Themsaran/gîe|gîe]]''  Y ''vo'' X", or "''gîe''-[pronoun affix for pronominal X] Y" if X is animate. If X is inanimate, the construction ''X ā Y'' ('X is with Y'), or ''X ašt Y'' ('X is without Y') is used.
"X has Y" is expressed with the construction "''[[Themsaran/gîe|gîe]]''  Y ''vo'' X", or "''gîe''-[pronoun affix for pronominal X] Y" if X is animate. If X is inanimate, the construction ''X ā Y'' ('X is with Y'), or ''X atht Y'' ('X is without Y') is used.


:'''''Mérvìen híltámsach.'''''
:'''''Mérvìen híltámsach.'''''
Line 2,313: Line 2,313:
''ie'': and (also 'but, while, whereas' with topicalized clauses)
''ie'': and (also 'but, while, whereas' with topicalized clauses)


''íeláš'': however, nevertheless, moreover
''íeláth'': however, nevertheless, moreover


''nesi'': but (rather)
''nesi'': but (rather)
Line 2,433: Line 2,433:


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase = žá hārbenín slá ra̋ ŧî
|phrase = ðá hārbenín slá ra̋ ŧî
|IPA=/ʒá hàːrbeninꜜ sláꜜ ráːt͡ʃíꜜiː/
|IPA=/ʒá hàːrbeninꜜ sláꜜ ráːt͡ʃíꜜiː/
|morphemes = žá he-arb-nin/ slá rā ŧî
|morphemes = ðá he-arb-nin/ slá rā ŧî
|gloss = 3SG.M PAST.IPFV-teach/PAST.IPFV.3/4SG.M>1SG more.ADV than 4SG.F  
|gloss = 3SG.M PAST.IPFV-teach/PAST.IPFV.3/4SG.M>1SG more.ADV than 4SG.F  
|translation=He taught me more than she did.}}
|translation=He taught me more than she did.}}
Line 2,442: Line 2,442:
|phrase = na̋ hārbeníth slá ra̋ ŧî
|phrase = na̋ hārbeníth slá ra̋ ŧî
|IPA=/náː hàːrbeniθꜜ sláꜜ ráːt͡ʃiꜜiː/
|IPA=/náː hàːrbeniθꜜ sláꜜ ráːt͡ʃiꜜiː/
|morphemes = na̋ he-arb-nith/ slá rā žî
|morphemes = na̋ he-arb-nith/ slá rā ðî
|gloss = 1SG PAST.IPFV-teach/PAST.IPFV.3/4SG.M>INV.SG.M more.ADV than 4SG.F  
|gloss = 1SG PAST.IPFV-teach/PAST.IPFV.3/4SG.M>INV.SG.M more.ADV than 4SG.F  
|translation=He taught me more than he did her.}}
|translation=He taught me more than he did her.}}
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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase = na̋ hārbeníth žá slá ra̋ ŧî
|phrase = na̋ hārbeníth ðá slá ra̋ ŧî
|IPA=/náː hàːrbeniθꜜ ʒáꜜ sláꜜ ráːt͡ʃiꜜiː/
|IPA=/náː hàːrbeniθꜜ ʒáꜜ sláꜜ ráːt͡ʃiꜜiː/
|morphemes = na̋ he-arb-nith/ žá slá rā ŧî
|morphemes = na̋ he-arb-nith/ ðá slá rā ŧî
|gloss = 1SG PAST.IPFV-teach/PAST.IPFV.3/4SG.M>1SG 3SG.M more.ADV than 4SG.F
|gloss = 1SG PAST.IPFV-teach/PAST.IPFV.3/4SG.M>1SG 3SG.M more.ADV than 4SG.F
|translation=It is I whom he taught more than she did.}}
|translation=It is I whom he taught more than she did.}}
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Impersonal pronouns do not exist in Themsaran. The verb is put into the mediopassive (or mediopassive of causative or applicative, as appropriate) with the subject as patient/object, or no subject if there is no patient.
Impersonal pronouns do not exist in Themsaran. The verb is put into the mediopassive (or mediopassive of causative or applicative, as appropriate) with the subject as patient/object, or no subject if there is no patient.


:'''''scőtèv nárgìež glé chmásán det cazrê'''''
:'''''scőtèv nárgìeð glé chmásán det cazrê'''''
:''one walks (lit. it is walked) for three days from my village to the coast''
:''one walks (lit. it is walked) for three days from my village to the coast''


===Modal constructions===
===Modal constructions===
Themsaran is poor in true modal and auxiliary verbs; "adverbial" and "adjectival" modal constructions are more common. Deontic modalities tend to be expressed adjectivally, while situational and epistemic modalities tend to have adverbial expressions. All modal expressions come before the (negation-) lexical verb (e.g. ''Jêr méŧar ħlomaréch šyrfāmâst!'' "How dare you betray my brothers!", note that the verb is in the preterite).
Themsaran is poor in true modal and auxiliary verbs; "adverbial" and "adjectival" modal constructions are more common. Deontic modalities tend to be expressed adjectivally, while situational and epistemic modalities tend to have adverbial expressions. All modal expressions come before the (negation-) lexical verb (e.g. ''Jêr méŧar ħlomaréch thyrfāmâst!'' "How dare you betray my brothers!", note that the verb is in the preterite).
====Modal adjectives====
====Modal adjectives====
*''lāmérse'': "it is sufficient to..."
*''lāmérse'': "it is sufficient to..."
*''ıalúne'': "advisable".
*''ıalúne'': "advisable".
*''re̋dáme'': "necessary", used to express need to do something.
*''re̋dáme'': "necessary", used to express need to do something.
*''širvúre'': "charged/required/compulsory"; moral obligation, "ought to".
*''thirvúre'': "charged/required/compulsory"; moral obligation, "ought to".
*''tírēné'': "permitted", used to express permissibility.
*''tírēné'': "permitted", used to express permissibility.


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===Affixal===
===Affixal===
====Nouns and Adjectives====
====Nouns and Adjectives====
*''-ácše'' (''f'', ''c''): [noun]-manship, proper way of [verb]ing/being [adjective]
*''-ácthe'' (''f'', ''c''): [noun]-manship, proper way of [verb]ing/being [adjective]
*''-álg-'' (''c''): semantic agent of [verb]
*''-álg-'' (''c''): semantic agent of [verb]
*''-áng-'' (plural, ''c''): associative plural, things that normally go with [noun]
*''-áng-'' (plural, ''c''): associative plural, things that normally go with [noun]
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*''-in'' (''m'' ''g'', not very productive): semantic patient of (verb)  
*''-in'' (''m'' ''g'', not very productive): semantic patient of (verb)  
*''-índ-'' (''c''): diminutive  
*''-índ-'' (''c''): diminutive  
*''-īd'' (''f'', ''2'', ''c''): abstract noun; ''tháirȳšáħīd'' 'definiteness (grammatical)' < ''tháirȳšâ'' 'remembered' (stative passive ptcp.)
*''-īd'' (''f'', ''2'', ''c''): abstract noun; ''tháirȳtháħīd'' 'definiteness (grammatical)' < ''tháirȳthâ'' 'remembered' (stative passive ptcp.)
*''cī(v)-'': -less; ''cīpalsáth'' 'mutually exhaustive' < ''pals-'' 'third'
*''cī(v)-'': -less; ''cīpalsáth'' 'mutually exhaustive' < ''pals-'' 'third'
*''-m-'' (''c''): originating from [noun/adjective]; ''fǒnỳm'': 'marine'
*''-m-'' (''c''): originating from [noun/adjective]; ''fǒnỳm'': 'marine'
*''-malé'' (''f'' ''th''): manner of [verb]ing; ''vāližemalé'' 'pattern, paradigm' < ''vāližêi'' 'order'
*''-malé'' (''f'' ''th''): manner of [verb]ing; ''vāliðemalé'' 'pattern, paradigm' < ''vāliðêi'' 'order'
*''-met'' (''m'', ''g''): semantic patient, prone to [verbing]; ''fólħa̋met'': sacrifice; ''ħarvímet'': inconstant, ever-changing
*''-met'' (''m'', ''g''): semantic patient, prone to [verbing]; ''fólħa̋met'': sacrifice; ''ħarvímet'': inconstant, ever-changing
*''-ms'' (''m'', ''c''): instrument noun; ''éžħams'': trophy, prize
*''-ms'' (''m'', ''c''): instrument noun; ''éðħams'': trophy, prize
*''-né'' (''g''): action of [verb]; the action noun of [verb] ''ga̋lené'' 'singing'
*''-né'' (''g''): action of [verb]; the action noun of [verb] ''ga̋lené'' 'singing'
*''-noš-'' (''c''): capable/worthy of patienthood, [verb]-able; (''vinâi'' 'die' > ''vinanóš'' 'mortal', ''frínqâi'' 'to despair' > ''frínqanóš'' 'futile, vain')
*''-noth-'' (''c''): capable/worthy of patienthood, [verb]-able; (''vinâi'' 'die' > ''vinanóth'' 'mortal', ''frínqâi'' 'to despair' > ''frínqanóth'' 'futile, vain')
*''-őf-'' (''c''): weaker pejorative, "just some"
*''-őf-'' (''c''): weaker pejorative, "just some"
*''-or-'' (''š''): pejorative
*''-or-'' (''th''): pejorative
*''-re'' (''f'', ''c'', less productive): patient/resultative; ''gavy̌re'' 'sample' < ''gavȳnî'' 'take out, examine'; ''pastáre'' 'staircase, scale, program, protocol' < ''pastâi'' 'stratify, layer'
*''-re'' (''f'', ''c'', less productive): patient/resultative; ''gavy̌re'' 'sample' < ''gavȳnî'' 'take out, examine'; ''pastáre'' 'staircase, scale, program, protocol' < ''pastâi'' 'stratify, layer'
*''-rn-'' (''š''): capable of/good at agenthood, fit to be a [noun/adjective]; ''mattechivsáryn'': 'diligent'
*''-rn-'' (''th''): capable of/good at agenthood, fit to be a [noun/adjective]; ''mattechivsáryn'': 'diligent'
*''-se'' (''f'', ''c''): singulative
*''-se'' (''f'', ''c''): singulative
*''-tán'' (''f'', ''c'') "[noun] material" ''híchatán'' 'batter' < ''híchâi'' 'bake'
*''-tán'' (''f'', ''c'') "[noun] material" ''híchatán'' 'batter' < ''híchâi'' 'bake'
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Compounding and incorporation is the main, characteristically Themsaran method of derivation.
Compounding and incorporation is the main, characteristically Themsaran method of derivation.


Noun-adjective compounding occurs by removing the ending of the noun (and inserting ''-o-'' for first declension, ''-e-'' for second declennsion, and ''-i-'' for third declension of the noun if phonotactically required). If the compound is a noun with a supplemental meaning by the adjective, the lexical tone is that of the noun; on the contrary, as an adjective with the meaning colored by the noun, the lexical tone is adopted from the adjective. (e.g. ''cólèn'' (1st decl., high tone) + ''simáttem'' (accent paradigm ''c'') ''= cólnosimáttem'' 'wind' + 'northern' = 'north wind'; ''sōrachráth'' 'royalty, royal household' < ''sôr'' 'house' + ''achráth'' 'royal'; post-classical neologisms include ''žálfaromīdáth'' ''tradition'' < ''žál-'' 'passing, transmission' + ''fáromīdáth'' 'legitimate'; ''thilqārdé'' 'broadsword, claymore' < ''thilqé'' 'sword' + ''ârd'' 'big, great').
Noun-adjective compounding occurs by removing the ending of the noun (and inserting ''-o-'' for first declension, ''-e-'' for second declennsion, and ''-i-'' for third declension of the noun if phonotactically required). If the compound is a noun with a supplemental meaning by the adjective, the lexical tone is that of the noun; on the contrary, as an adjective with the meaning colored by the noun, the lexical tone is adopted from the adjective. (e.g. ''cólèn'' (1st decl., high tone) + ''simáttem'' (accent paradigm ''c'') ''= cólnosimáttem'' 'wind' + 'northern' = 'north wind'; ''sōrachráth'' 'royalty, royal household' < ''sôr'' 'house' + ''achráth'' 'royal'; post-classical neologisms include ''ðálfaromīdáth'' ''tradition'' < ''ðál-'' 'passing, transmission' + ''fáromīdáth'' 'legitimate'; ''thilqārdé'' 'broadsword, claymore' < ''thilqé'' 'sword' + ''ârd'' 'big, great').


Compounds headed by the final noun are largely 'kind of noun' compounds (noun-noun/adj-noun) and are much less productive than the right-branching ones often of a noun-adjective form.
Compounds headed by the final noun are largely 'kind of noun' compounds (noun-noun/adj-noun) and are much less productive than the right-branching ones often of a noun-adjective form.
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==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
<!--<poem>
<!--<poem>
''Vȳgê ištagynzé, fansý‎‎‎n ie qolnȳrýn;‎''
''Vȳgê ithtagynzé, fansý‎‎‎n ie qolnȳrýn;‎''
''Cuftailizé vȳgê ie chlomâ.''
''Cuftailizé vȳgê ie chlomâ.''


''Qal dāsmīdizé thácêi ie líethêi,''
''Qal dāsmīdizé thácêi ie líethêi,''
''Eir timazzé tósafaimà žnaħýn.''
''Eir timazzé tósafaimà ðnaħýn.''
‎
‎
''Hâ ıávȅs ídâ rárreħà žnaħê ie avīrâ;‎''
''Hâ ıávȅs ídâ rárreħà ðnaħê ie avīrâ;‎''
''hâ ıêr qédmì hel‎ýn dienem ħāžán!''
''hâ ıêr qédmì hel‎ýn dienem ħāðán!''


''Nőcê, thérígys vǒzàu cárê, fýlníš''
''Nőcê, thérígys vǒzàu cárê, fýlníth''
''Mólgynzé nōrâ gásychyr hélù Mýlmê dîen.''
''Mólgynzé nōrâ gásychyr hélù Mýlmê dîen.''
</poem>-->
</poem>-->
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This language was made to attract fame/renown at one time./This language has been made to attract fame.
This language was made to attract fame/renown at one time./This language has been made to attract fame.


''Énħēn lāmennǐdīr chīrıīdî ie arvētnošīdî íe máugamalanî, miramlétnevas bānstivní.''
''Énħēn lāmennǐdīr chīrıīdî ie arvētnothīdî íe máugamalanî, miramlétnevas bānstivní.''


Because of the bestness of its fineness, its believability and its ways of using, its being made to attract fame was agreed upon.
Because of the bestness of its fineness, its believability and its ways of using, its being made to attract fame was agreed upon.
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Talsmic languages]][[Category:Zachydic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Talsmic languages]][[Category:Zachydic languages]]
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