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Weddish: Difference between revisions
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|image = Weddish tree.jpg | |image = Weddish tree.jpg | ||
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'''Weddish''' (''Weddish'': '''װעדיש''', ''X"Q'': '''וֶדִש''', ''Romanization'': '''Vediš''') is a constructed, ''a posteriori'', naturalistic [[auxlang]], made from Yiddish with heavy influences from Hebrew, English, German, and Basque | '''Weddish''' (''Weddish'': '''װעדיש''', ''X"Q'': '''וֶדִש''', ''Romanization'': '''Vediš''') is a [[w:conlang|constructed]], ''a posteriori'', naturalistic [[auxlang]], made from [[w:Yiddish language|Yiddish]] with heavy influences from Hebrew, English, German, and some Basque. It has ergative-absolutive [[Linguistics:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]] and a pervasive yet symbolic use of the [[w:Dual (grammatical number)|dual]]. It is meant to promote the institution of marriage, foster better communication between persons, and improve the constructs of [[w:Systematic theology|systematic theological]] discussions. It is well-suited as an auxlang for [[w:Jewish intermarriage|Jewish intermarriage]]. | ||
The language was created in 2013 by [[User:aquatiki|Robert Murphy]] as part of an assignment at [[w:Covenant Theological Seminary|Covenant Theological Seminary]] for Professor Jerram Barrs. | The language was created in 2013 by [[User:aquatiki|Robert Murphy]] as part of an assignment at [[w:Covenant Theological Seminary|Covenant Theological Seminary]] for Professor Jerram Barrs. | ||
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There are several issues in the pronunciation of individual sounds. The rhotic of Weddish is either alveolar or uvular<ref>As in Hebrew, uvular may be seen as the most prestigious form: http://wals.info/chapter/6</ref> and may be anything from a fricative, to a flap, to a trill, to an approximant. No R-colors vowels are permitted. Words that begin with a vowel are separated from a prior open syllable by a glottal stop. The velar nasal only occurs when an "n" is assimilated in place of articular before or after an "x", "k", or "g", in a syllable coda<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/9</ref>. '''ng''' is pronounced <tt>/ŋg/</tt>, not just <tt>/ŋ/</tt>. '''L''' is typically dark (aka "velarized") except before '''i'''. '''Ayen''' is always romanized '''e''', but signifies the schwa in unaccented syllables. | There are several issues in the pronunciation of individual sounds. The rhotic of Weddish is either alveolar or uvular<ref>As in Hebrew, uvular may be seen as the most prestigious form: http://wals.info/chapter/6</ref> and may be anything from a fricative, to a flap, to a trill, to an approximant. No R-colors vowels are permitted. Words that begin with a vowel are separated from a prior open syllable by a glottal stop. The velar nasal only occurs when an "n" is assimilated in place of articular before or after an "x", "k", or "g", in a syllable coda<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/9</ref>. '''ng''' is pronounced <tt>/ŋg/</tt>, not just <tt>/ŋ/</tt>. '''L''' is typically dark (aka "velarized") except before '''i'''. '''Ayen''' is always romanized '''e''', but signifies the schwa in unaccented syllables. | ||
In the dialect of the Americas, central vowels retain a color of their original/short form. Elsewhere, they are all central, except <tt>/a/</tt> before glottals and <tt>/ɪ/</tt> before labials. | In the dialect of the Americas, central vowels retain a color of their original/short form. Elsewhere, they are all central, except <tt>/a/</tt> before glottals and <tt>/ɪ/</tt> before labials. The rhotic must not be retroflex! Americans also pronounce '''aw''' and '''ow''' as diphthongs, which is readily understood. | ||
=== Orthography === | === Orthography === | ||
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| ''syllabic'' | | ''syllabic'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Handwriting, or cursive, is the same as Hebrew and Yiddish. | Handwriting, or cursive, is the same as Hebrew and Yiddish. The Braille system is [[w:Hebrew Braille]]. | ||
[[File:Alfabet.hebrajski.png]] | [[File:Alfabet.hebrajski.png]] | ||
==== Puncuation ==== | ==== Puncuation ==== | ||
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Like Hebrew, Weddish uses enclitic forms of pronouns to indicate several things. On verbs, pronominal suffixes mark the absolutive argument of the clause. On nouns, they mark a genitive relationship. Pronominal prefixes are used exclusively on transitive verbs to mark the ergative argument, and are obligatory. Weddish is not pro-drop, and an affix on both ends is required on transitive verbs. Remember, there are no ambi-transitive verbs in Weddish. Use of the independent personal pronouns when the person has been specified on either end of the verb is considered emphatic. | Like Hebrew, Weddish uses enclitic forms of pronouns to indicate several things. On verbs, pronominal suffixes mark the absolutive argument of the clause. On nouns, they mark a genitive relationship. Pronominal prefixes are used exclusively on transitive verbs to mark the ergative argument, and are obligatory. Weddish is not pro-drop, and an affix on both ends is required on transitive verbs. Remember, there are no ambi-transitive verbs in Weddish. Use of the independent personal pronouns when the person has been specified on either end of the verb is considered emphatic. | ||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:left;" | ||
|+ Imperfective (and Genitive) | |||
! Person || # || Suffix || Prefix | ! Person || # || Suffix || Prefix | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 830: | Line 831: | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:left;" | |||
|+ Perfective | |||
! Person || # || Suffix || Prefix | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | <big>1</big> | |||
! sg | |||
| '''-ti''' | |||
| '''e(n)-''' | |||
|- | |||
! dl | |||
| '''-(e)k''' | |||
| ø | |||
|- | |||
! pl | |||
| '''-(e)m''' | |||
| '''ma-''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | <big>2</big> | |||
! sg | |||
| '''-t''' | |||
| '''ta-''' | |||
|- | |||
! dl | |||
| '''-(e)st''' | |||
| '''sti-''' | |||
|- | |||
! pl | |||
| '''-(u)t''' | |||
| '''t(u)-''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | <big>3</big> | |||
! anim. | |||
| '''-o''' | |||
| '''ro-''' | |||
|- | |||
! inan. | |||
| '''-a''' | |||
| '''ya-''' | |||
|- | |||
! dl | |||
| '''-av*''' | |||
| ø | |||
|- | |||
! n/pl | |||
| '''-(ay/i)č''' | |||
| '''čay-''' | |||
|} | |||
<br clear="both" /> | |||
=== Verbs === | === Verbs === | ||
Weddish verbs | Weddish verbs take affixes for aspect, then use auxiliaries for tense and mood. | ||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:right;" | |||
! Normal || Antipassive | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} | |||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
| -ei- || -a- | | -ei- || -a- | ||
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| -i- || -a-/-e-/-u- | | -i- || -a-/-e-/-u- | ||
|} | |} | ||
There are several valency-altering operations available in Yiddish, which may be combined. The anti-passive is formed by ablaut. The causative is made with the prefix ש׳/š-, which takes its voicing from the next consonant. The reflexive is made with the prefix היט/hit-, which also takes its voicing from the following consonant. | |||
==== Non-finite ==== | ==== Non-finite ==== | ||
The imperfective participle is made by the suffix -(e)n. The perfective participle is made by the circumfix ge- -en. The infinitive (also called the infinitive construct) is the participle with a preposition, usually '''cu'''. The adverbial form (also called infinitive absolute) is simply the participle form unattached. | |||
==== Incorporation ==== | ==== Incorporation ==== | ||
On the Mithun scale<ref>Mithun, Marianne. 1984. The Evolution of Noun Incorporation. ''Language'', Vol. 60, No. 4. pp. 847-894.</ref>, Weddish does type-I and type-II noun incorporation. This means | On the Mithun scale<ref>Mithun, Marianne. 1984. The Evolution of Noun Incorporation. ''Language'', Vol. 60, No. 4. pp. 847-894.</ref>, Weddish does type-I and type-II noun incorporation. This means | ||