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Bźatga: Difference between revisions
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! rowspan="4;" align="center" | 4 | ! rowspan="4;" align="center" | 4 | ||
| align="center"| ''trouda'' | | align="center"| ''trouda'' | ||
| | | align="center"| ''troude'' | ||
| align="center"| ''trouḑi'' | |||
| align="center" | ''trouda'' | | align="center" | ''trouda'' | ||
| align="center" | "foot" | | align="center" | "foot" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center"| ''ĺeda'' | | align="center"| ''ĺeda'' | ||
| align="center"| ''ĺeģe'' | | align="center"| ''ĺeģe'' | ||
| align="center"| ''ĺeģi'' | |||
| align="center" | ''ĺeģa'' | | align="center" | ''ĺeģa'' | ||
| align="center" | "valley" | | align="center" | "valley" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center"| ''cu'' | | align="center"| ''cu'' | ||
| | | align="center"| ''cone'' | ||
| align="center"| ''cońi'' | |||
| align="center" | ''cona'' | | align="center" | ''cona'' | ||
| align="center" | "dog" | | align="center" | "dog" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center"| ''ava'' | | align="center"| ''ava'' | ||
| | | align="center"| ''aune'' | ||
| align="center"| ''auńi'' | |||
| align="center"| ''auna'' | | align="center"| ''auna'' | ||
| align="center" | "name" | | align="center" | "name" | ||
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4th declension nouns are divided into four sub-classes depending on the stem: | 4th declension nouns are divided into four sub-classes depending on the stem: | ||
* ''trouda'' demonstrates the normal paradigm for the majority of 4th declension nouns, where the endings are added to an immutable stem; | * ''trouda'' demonstrates the normal paradigm for the majority of 4th declension nouns, where the endings are added to an immutable stem; | ||
* ''ĺeda'' shows iotisation in | * ''ĺeda'' shows iotisation in NAsg and plural, along with ''leda'' "width", ''neva'' "heaven"; | ||
* nouns with a NAsg. in ''-u'' like ''cu'' take ''-on-'' in the remaining categories and nouns with ''-û'' ''aû'' "river" take ''-n-'' (''auna, aune''). Place-names often belong to this class. | * nouns with a NAsg. in ''-u'' like ''cu'' take ''-on-'' in the remaining categories and nouns with ''-û'' ''aû'' "river" take ''-n-'' (''auna, aune''). Place-names often belong to this class. | ||
* ''ava'' belongs to a rare class with a full stem in ''-(a)n-''. Besides ''ava'' "name", ''gova'' "smith" (''goun-''), ''mjava'' "memory, thought" (''mjaun-'') the remaining members are all old verbal nouns in NAsg ''-ma'', GDsg. & pl. ''-mn-'' such as ''brama'' "fart", ''grama'' "shout", ''cama'' "step", ''lama'' "jump", ''luma'' "drop", ''śtoma'' "bend", ''tama'' "bite". | * ''ava'' belongs to a rare class with a full stem in ''-(a)n-''. Besides ''ava'' "name", ''gova'' "smith" (''goun-''), ''mjava'' "memory, thought" (''mjaun-'') the remaining members are all old verbal nouns in NAsg ''-ma'', GDsg. & pl. ''-mn-'' such as ''brama'' "fart", ''grama'' "shout", ''cama'' "step", ''lama'' "jump", ''luma'' "drop", ''śtoma'' "bend", ''tama'' "bite". | ||
====The Vocative==== | ====The Vocative==== | ||
A vestigial vocative case exists when addressing people or things directly. In most cases, the singular form of the vocative is identical to the NASg. (e.g. '' | A vestigial vocative case exists when addressing people or things directly. In most cases, the singular form of the vocative is identical to the NASg. (e.g. ''Bracźija'' "Bracźija!"), but for masculine personal names of the 1st declension, the vocative ending ''-e'' is used, e.g. ''Craumare'' "Craumara!". In the plural, all nouns are identical to the NAPl., e.g. ''braģa'' "brothers!", ''Carta, Rouńi, Căbroî!'' "Friends, Romans, Countrymen!". | ||
A specifically polite or respectful form of the vocative, ending in ''-u'', is used only when showing extreme deference and is particularly associated with words denoting people of high authority, e.g. ''bźațnu'' "(your) majesty)", ''teźnu'' "(my) lord". | A specifically polite or respectful form of the vocative, ending in ''-u'', is used only when showing extreme deference and is particularly associated with words denoting people of high authority, e.g. ''bźațnu'' "(your) majesty)", ''teźnu'' "(my) lord". | ||