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Griutungi: Difference between revisions
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===Differences Likely Due to Later Changes=== | ===Differences Likely Due to Later Changes=== | ||
* The final ''–t'' of the neuter interrogative pronoun (‘what’) was lost in Gothic, likely due to Coronal Consonant Deletion, but persists in [[Valthungian]], though it is possible that ''–t'' was lost initially and then later added back from analogy with other neuter nominative and accusative pronouns, determiners, and adjectives (e.g. ''it'', ''þat'', ''hit'', ''gōdat'', &c.) | * The final ''–t'' of the neuter interrogative pronoun (‘what’) was lost in Gothic, likely due to Coronal Consonant Deletion, but persists in [[Valthungian]], though it is possible that ''–t'' was lost initially and then later added back from analogy with other neuter nominative and accusative pronouns, determiners, and adjectives (e.g. ''it'', ''þat'', ''hit'', ''gōdat'', &c.) | ||
* Weak verbs in [[Valthungian]] show no trace of the d-reduplication that occurs in Gothic in the past tenses (e.g. Gothic ''kambidēdun'' ‘they combed’ versus Griutungi ''kambidun''). This is possibly a leveling of the paradigm, though it is likely that it was never manifested in the same manner that it was in Gothic. | * Weak verbs in [[Valthungian]] show no trace of the d-reduplication that occurs in Gothic in the past tenses (e.g. Gothic ''kambidēdun'' ‘they combed’ versus Griutungi ''kambidun''). This is possibly a leveling of the paradigm, though it is likely that it was never manifested in the same manner that it was in Gothic. | ||
* Gothic has a small class of feminine nouns (sometimes called “i/ō-stems”) which follow the i-stem paradigm in the singular and the ō-stem in the plural. These nouns exclusively follow the i-stem in Valthungian. E.g. Gothic ''haims'', plural ''haimōs'', compared to Griutungi *''hǣms'', *''hǣmīs''. | * Gothic has a small class of feminine nouns (sometimes called “i/ō-stems”) which follow the i-stem paradigm in the singular and the ō-stem in the plural. These nouns exclusively follow the i-stem in Valthungian. E.g. Gothic ''haims'', plural ''haimōs'', compared to Griutungi *''hǣms'', *''hǣmīs''. | ||
* The genitive singular of feminine i- and ō-stem nouns and adjectives in Valthungian is ''–is'' instead of the expected ''**–as'' (e.g. Gothic ''qēnais'' ‘wife’s’, ''gibōs'' ‘gift’s’, but [[Valthungian]] ''kwēnis'', ''givis'', suggesting a Griutungi ''*kwēnis'' and ''*gibis''). This may be partially due to paradigmatic levelling, but it is assumed that at least the feminine i-stem paradigm in Griutungi was identical to the masculine in all cases except for the dative. | * The genitive singular of feminine i- and ō-stem nouns and adjectives in Valthungian is ''–is'' instead of the expected ''**–as'' (e.g. Gothic ''qēnais'' ‘wife’s’, ''gibōs'' ‘gift’s’, but [[Valthungian]] ''kwēnis'', ''givis'', suggesting a Griutungi ''*kwēnis'' and ''*gibis''). This may be partially due to paradigmatic levelling, but it is assumed that at least the feminine i-stem paradigm in Griutungi was identical to the masculine in all cases except for the dative. | ||
* Gothic shows an alternation in the comparative and superlative of adjectives where some take an ''ō-'' ending and other take ''i-''. Valthungian exclusively takes ''i-'' for comparison. It is unknown whether Griutungi used both forms. | * Gothic shows an alternation in the comparative and superlative of adjectives where some take an ''ō-'' ending and other take ''i-''. Valthungian exclusively takes ''i-'' for comparison. It is unknown whether Griutungi used both forms. | ||
* The numbers 70, 80, and 90 in Gothic took a different ‘tens’ form which does not appear in [[Valthungian]], though likely due to later analogy. Gothic ''sibuntēhund'' ‘70’, ''ahtautēhund'' ‘80’, ''niuntēhund'' ‘90’, but Griutungi *''sibuntigjus'', *''ahtǭtigjus'', *''niuntigjus''; Valthungian ''sivuntiǧis'', ''ātatiǧis'', ''njuntiǧis''. | * The numbers 70, 80, and 90 in Gothic took a different ‘tens’ form which does not appear in [[Valthungian]], though likely due to later analogy. Gothic ''sibuntēhund'' ‘70’, ''ahtautēhund'' ‘80’, ''niuntēhund'' ‘90’, but Griutungi *''sibuntigjus'', *''ahtǭtigjus'', *''niuntigjus''; Valthungian ''sivuntiǧis'', ''ātatiǧis'', ''njuntiǧis''. | ||
* [[Valthungian]] also has a curious “trial distributive,” ''þrǣ'', comparable to the dual ''bǣ'' (Gothic ''bai''), though this is likely an innovation to the language well after Gothic times, rather than evidence of a Griutungi ''*þrǣ''. | * [[Valthungian]] also has a curious “trial distributive,” ''þrǣ'', comparable to the dual ''bǣ'' (Gothic ''bai''), though this is likely an innovation to the language well after Gothic times, rather than evidence of a Griutungi ''*þrǣ''. | ||