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→Phonology
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The Tsani inventory has been documented and assessed repeatedly since the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the foremost people in the field being the Belgian linguist Émile d'Ivoire and the Scottish linguist John Glenn Crossing, an expert on Jivan languages. This page uses a standard notation where C is a consonant, and V is a vowel. Features are indicated by square brackets [ ]. | The Tsani inventory has been documented and assessed repeatedly since the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the foremost people in the field being the Belgian linguist Émile d'Ivoire and the Scottish linguist John Glenn Crossing, an expert on Jivan languages. This page uses a standard notation where C is a consonant, N a nasal consonant, and V is a vowel. Features are indicated by square brackets [ ] and plus or minus signs, ±. | ||
===Phonemic inventory of vowels and consonants=== | ===Phonemic inventory of vowels and consonants=== | ||
The following is a Tsani inventory of consonants, according to Émile d'Ivoire, a model nowadays serving as standard when analysing the language. Émile analyses the Tsani inventory as unusual in that it has [[w:ejective consonants|ejective consonants]], as well as an ill-defined [[w:dorsal consonants|dorsal consonant]]. The consonantal phonology is fairly symmetrical. | The following is a Tsani inventory of consonants, according to Émile d'Ivoire, a model nowadays serving as standard when analysing the language. Émile analyses the Tsani inventory as unusual in that it has [[w:ejective consonants|ejective consonants]], as well as an ill-defined [[w:dorsal consonants|dorsal consonant]]. The consonantal phonology is fairly symmetrical. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
D'Ivoire standardised the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language. He divided the four primary vowels into four categories by length; granting ''short'', ''long'', ''diphthong'' and ''long diphthong'' vowels. It is important to note that in the modern language, the so called diphthongs are not realised as diphthongs at all, but rather a closed VC syllable. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center;" | |||
|+ '''D'Ivoire model''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! colspan="4" style="width: 90px; " |Oral | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short diphthong</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long diphthong</small> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close front unrounded | |||
| '''i''' /i/ | |||
| '''ii''' /i:/ | |||
| '''í''' /iɰ/ | |||
| - | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open back unrounded | |||
| '''a''' /a/ | |||
| '''aa''' /aː/ | |||
| '''á''' /aɰ/ | |||
| '''áa''' /aːɰ/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close back rounded | |||
|'''u''' /u/ | |||
|'''uu''' /uː/ | |||
|'''ú''' /uɰ/ | |||
|'''úu''' /uːɰ/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid back rounded | |||
| '''o''' [o̞] | |||
| '''oo''' [o̞ː] | |||
| '''ó''' [o̞ɰ] | |||
| '''óo''' [o̞ːɰ] | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Debuccalisation of nasal stops==== | ====Debuccalisation of nasal stops==== | ||
::''In the old language, vowels preceding nasals were mandatorily nasalised, which influencing their modern articulation in manners close to what occurs in French.'' | ::''In the old language, vowels preceding nasals were mandatorily nasalised, which influencing their modern articulation in manners close to what occurs in French.'' | ||
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}} | }} | ||
=== | ====Allophony of vowels==== | ||
D'Ivoire | D'Ivoire did indeed standardise the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language, but he did also supply a more detailed transcription of how the velar approximant and the debuccalisation of nasal stops affected the articulation of vowels. He divided the four primary vowels into another two categories, ''nasal'' and ''oral''. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
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| '''í''' [iɨ̯] | | '''í''' [iɨ̯] | ||
| - | | - | ||
| '''in''' [ẽ] | | '''in''' · '''im''' [ẽ] | ||
| '''iin''' [ẽ:] | | '''iin''' · '''iim''' [ẽ:] | ||
| '''ín''' [iːn] | | '''ín''' · '''ím''' [iːn] | ||
| - | | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''á''' [aɰ] | | '''á''' [aɰ] | ||
| '''áa''' [aːɰ] | | '''áa''' [aːɰ] | ||
| '''an''' [ɑ̃] | | '''an''' · '''am''' [ɑ̃] | ||
| '''aan''' [ɑ̃] | | '''aan''' · '''aam'''[ɑ̃] | ||
| '''án''' [aŋ] | | '''án''' · '''ám''' [aŋ] | ||
| '''áan''' [aːŋ] | | '''áan''' · '''áam''' [aːŋ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |''u'' | ! style="" |''u'' | ||
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|'''ú''' [uβ̞] | |'''ú''' [uβ̞] | ||
|'''úu''' [uːβ̞] | |'''úu''' [uːβ̞] | ||
|'''un''' [ũ] | |'''un''' · '''um''' [ũ] | ||
|'''uun''' [ũː] | |'''uun''' · '''uum''' [ũː] | ||
|'''ún''' [um] | |'''ún''' · '''úm''' [um] | ||
|'''úun''' [uːm] | |'''úun''' · '''úum''' [uːm] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |''o'' | ! style="" |''o'' | ||
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| '''ó''' [o̞ɰʷ] | | '''ó''' [o̞ɰʷ] | ||
| '''óo''' [o̞ːɰʷ] | | '''óo''' [o̞ːɰʷ] | ||
| '''on''' [õ̞] | | '''on''' · '''om''' [õ̞] | ||
| '''oon''' [õ̞ː] | | '''oon''' · '''oon''' [õ̞ː] | ||
| '''ón''' [o̞ːŋ͡m] | | '''ón''' · '''ón''' [o̞ːŋ͡m] | ||
| '''óon''' [o̞ːŋ͡m] | | '''óon''' · '''óom''' [o̞ːŋ͡m] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||