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Minhast (view source)

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== Nouns ==
== Nouns ==
=== Gender, Number, and Case Marking ===


'''1) Gender:'''
'''1) Gender:'''
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| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | young girl
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | young girl
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | moonless night
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | moonless night
|}
=== Case ===
Minhast is classified as an ergative language, where in a clause that has two core NP arguments (this is the prerequisite for determining transitivity in Minhast), the core argument that has the most Agent-like properties (i.e. instigator of an action or event) receives what is called Ergative case marking  This marking is indicated by the enclitic ''-de'' or one of its allomorphs (e.g. nassa-de "brother").  The other core argument of the transitive clause, often but not necessarily the Patient of the transitive clause, is the Absolutive argument, which is not marked by any affixes or clitics (e.g. nassa=Ø).  Intransitive clauses, on the other hand, contain only one core argument, which is the Absolutive.  Thus, Minhast groups the Subject of an intransitive clause and the Patient-like argument of a transitive clause under the Absolutive case, and the Agent argument of a transitive clause is grouped under a different case, that of the Ergative case.  This is in contrast to an accusative language like Latin, which groups Agents and Subjects together under a single case (e.g. the Subject ending ''-us'' in mund-us "world"), and Patients under a different case (e.g. Accusative ''-o'' in mundo).
The Ergative enclitic and its allomorphs are listed in the table below:<br/><br/>
{|
|+ style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" |Ergative Clitic <span style="FONT-STYLE: italic">-de-</span> and Allophones
! style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ccff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" | Preceding Phoneme
! style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ccff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" | Erg. Enclitic Form
|-
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" | (V)V, g, z, l, r, n
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | <nowiki>=de</nowiki>
|-
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" | f, p, k, x, s, š, h
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | =te
|-
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" | m, b
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | =be
|-
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" | d, t
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99" | =e
|}
<br/>
In addition to core NP arguments, another type of argument, which is an optional element, is called the Oblique argument of a clause.  Oblique NP arguments are marked by postpositional clitics, analagous to the oblique cases of Latin (e.g. Ablative, Dative, etc).  There are seven major postpositional clitics in Minhast; others are rare and falling into disuse, such as the Inessive ''=kīr/=kir''. Most postpositional clitics have two forms, one containing a long vowel, and the other containing a short vowel.  The forms with the long vowels tend to occur in phrase-final position.  They also occur, almost exclusively, when speakers use the formal register.  Their forms are listed below:<br/><br/>
{| style="BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none"
|+ style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold" |Common Postpositional Affixes
|- style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ccff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold"
! Case
! Postposition
|-
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" | Dative
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99;" | =(a)ran
|-
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" | Benefactive
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99; " | =nī, =ni
|-
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" | Ablative
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99; " | =yār, =yar
|-
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" | Locative
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99; " | =kī, =ki
|-
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" | Instrumental
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99; " | =pār, =par
|-
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" | Commitative
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99; " | =kān,=kan
|-
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ffff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" | Malefactive
| style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #66ff99; " | =daħ
|}
|}


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