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Togarmite (view source)

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==Verbs==
==Verbs==
*Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present
*Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present
**The ''y-'' prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: ''nėx yxþøb'' 'I wrote', ''nėx lė xþøb'' 'I didn't write'.
**The ''y-'' prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: ''nėk yktøv'' 'I wrote', ''nėk lė ktøv'' 'I didn't write'.
*Present = from the bare w-form
*Present = from the bare w-form
*Imperative
*Imperative
**The imperative is negated with ''al'': ''Xþøb!'' 'write!', ''Al xþøb!'' 'don't write!'
**The imperative is negated with ''al'': ''Ktøv!'' 'write!', ''Al ktøv!'' 'don't write!'
*w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the ''f3øl'' binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim
*w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the ''f3øl'' binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim
*Infinitive
*Infinitive
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The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative.
The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative.
===Binyanim===
===Binyanim===
Modern Togarmite inherits all 8 binyanim of Old Togarmite. The ''þy-'' of Binyan 7 (''þyfaȝel'') verbs has become a productive derivational prefix, however.
Modern Togarmite inherits all 8 binyanim of Old Togarmite. The ''ty-'' of Binyan 7 (''tyfaȝel'') verbs has become a productive derivational prefix, however.
====Binyan 1: ''fȝøl''====
====Binyan 1: ''fȝøl''====
This binyan can take -ø- (e.g. ''xþøb'' 'to write'), -e- (''sen'' 'to sleep') or -a- (''tȝam'' 'to choose') as the theme vowel.
This binyan can take -ø- (e.g. ''ktøv'' 'to write'), -e- (''sen'' 'to sleep') or -a- (''dȝam'' 'to choose') as the theme vowel.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''xþøb'' 'write'
|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''ktøv'' 'write'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic D-stem (related to Hebrew pi33el and Arabic fa33ala)
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic D-stem (related to Hebrew pi33el and Arabic fa33ala)
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 2 conjugation: ''saxen'' 'inhabit'
|+ Binyan 2 conjugation: ''saken'' 'inhabit'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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|colspan=6| ''saxun''
|colspan=6| ''saxun''
|}
|}
For 4-letter verbs such as ''parkes'' 'to act', the present tense is formed with the stem ''-C₁C₂ėC₃eC₄'', like ''nėx yprėkes'' 'I act'.


==== Binyan 3: ''fėȝel'' ====
==== Binyan 3: ''fėȝel'' ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 3 conjugation: ''dėber'' 'speak'
|+ Binyan 3 conjugation: ''ðėver'' 'speak'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 3 conjugation: ''ažxer'' 'remind'
|+ Binyan 3 conjugation: ''ažker'' 'remind'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 4 conjugation: ''þlymed'' 'find one's way around'
|+ Binyan 4 conjugation: ''tlymeð'' 'find one's way around'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 5 conjugation: ''eþygdel'' 'grow up'
|+ Binyan 5 conjugation: ''etyγðel'' 'grow up'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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This binyan comes from the Št-stem and is directly related to the binyan ''istaf3ala'' in Arabic and the very rare binyan ''hishtaf3el'' in Biblical Hebrew.  Binyan 7 tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.
This binyan comes from the Št-stem and is directly related to the binyan ''istaf3ala'' in Arabic and the very rare binyan ''hishtaf3el'' in Biblical Hebrew.  Binyan 7 tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 8 conjugation: ''stytȝem'' 'try out'
|+ Binyan 8 conjugation: ''stydȝem'' 'try out'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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It is used for recent loan verbs like ''maksimezi'' 'to maximize', but can also be used to derive verbs from native nouns:
It is used for recent loan verbs like ''maksimezi'' 'to maximize', but can also be used to derive verbs from native nouns:
*''mydrasi'' 'to school' (from ''mydras'' 'school')
*''myðrasi'' 'to school' (from ''myðras'' 'school')
*''þaxili'' 'to consume' (from ''þaxil'' 'consumption', itself from the root √ʔ-x-l 'to eat')
*''takili'' 'to consume' (from ''takil'' 'consumption', itself from the root √ʔ-k-l 'to eat')
*''žaxoji'' 'to entitle, to allow' (from ''žaxo'' 'right')
*''žakoji'' 'to entitle, to allow' (from ''žako'' 'right')
*''ȝeini'' 'to eye' (from ''ȝein'' 'eye')
*''ȝeini'' 'to eye' (from ''ȝein'' 'eye')


The endings are mainly derived from Middle Togarmite forms of 3-y verbs.
The endings are mainly derived from Middle Togarmite forms of 3-y verbs.
*[STEM]-i = active
*[STEM]-i = active
*þy-[STEM]-i = re-
*ty-[STEM]-i = re-
*mø- = active participle
*mø- = active participle
*-ėþ = infinitive
*-ėt = infinitive
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Weak verb conjugation: ''mydrasi'' 'to school'
|+ Weak verb conjugation: ''myðrasi'' 'to school'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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|}
|}


===''xėl'' 'can'===
===''kėl'' 'can'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''xėl'' 'can'
|+ ''xėl'' 'can'
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|}
|}


===''høbė'' 'should; ought'===
===''høvė'' 'should; ought'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''høba'' 'should; ought'
|+ ''høba'' 'should; ought'
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|}
|}


===''ryšė'' 'to like'===
===''ryžė'' 'to like'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''ryšė'' 'to like'
|+ ''ryžė'' 'to like'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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|}
|}


=== The auxiliary ''bė'' ===
=== The auxiliary ''vė'' ===
The defective auxiliary ''bė'' (inf. and w-form ''bė'', past and imperative ''bu'', passive participle ''buj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing')  is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive).
The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing')  is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive).


* ''Yn galt lu bė fyþuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)
* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)
* ''Yn galt bu fyþuh'' = The door (was) opened
* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened
* ''Yn galt lež buj fyþuh'' = The door has been opened
* ''Yn γalt lež buj fytuh'' = The door has been opened
* ''Yn galt fyþuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)
* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)
** ''bė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn galt bė fyþuh''.
** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''.
* ''Dawid bė fþėh yn galt'' = David will open the door
* ''Dawid vė ftėh yn γalt'' = David will open the door


===Gzarot===
===Gzarot===
IlL
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