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Albionian (view source)

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CVrC, CVlC is pronounced as CVrəC, CVləC; cf. Irish and Russian. e.g. ''smairt'' 'death' = /ˈsmɪɾəh/, ''galwa'' 'head' = /ˈgaɫəβə/, ''derwo'' 'tree' = /ˈdɛɾəβo/, ''welkej'' 'big' = /ˈbɛɫəkʰej/.
CVrC, CVlC is pronounced as CVrəC, CVləC; cf. Irish and Russian. e.g. ''smairt'' 'death' = /ˈsmɪɾəh/, ''galwa'' 'head' = /ˈgaɫəβə/, ''derwo'' 'tree' = /ˈdɛɾəβo/, ''welkej'' 'big' = /ˈbɛɫəkʰej/.


-w in word-final -rw and -lw is vocalized to [ʏ] and -g in word-final -rg and -lg becomes [ʊ]. For example: ''pozdarw'' [ˈpʰɔzdərʏ] 'greeting; regards (when signing a letter)'; ''dảrg'' /ˈtaːɾʊ/ 'of roads'.
-w in word-final -rw and -lw is vocalized to [ʏ] and -g in word-final -rg and -lg becomes [ʊ]. For example: ''pozdarw'' [ˈpʰɔzdərʏ] 'greeting; regards (when signing a letter)'; ''dàrg'' /ˈtaːɾʊ/ 'of roads'.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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a e i/y o u/w ơ (ag) ả ẻ ea ỉ ỏ/og ở/uê ủ au ê/iê ô eo/ẻo ỉo ỵ ỷ/ei/eu = (unreduced) /a ɛ ɪ ɔ u œ aː aw ɛː jɛː iː ow øː uː œj iə uə ɛw~əw ɪw iː ɛj/
a e i/y o u/w ơ (ag) à oe ea ì ỏ/og ở/uê ủ au ê/iê ô eo/oeo ìo ỵ aì/ei/eu = (unreduced) /a ɛ ɪ ɔ u œ aː aw ɛː jɛː iː ow øː uː œj iə uə ɛw~əw ɪw iː ɛj/
*''cy gy'' are pronounced /kʰɪ kɪ/, not /kʰɨ kɨ/.
*''cy gy'' are pronounced /kʰɪ kɪ/, not /kʰɨ kɨ/.
*In standard Albionian, ''ea'' is pronounced as palatalizing long /ɛː/ when not reduced: ''jeat wy'' [ˈjɛːtʰ ʍɪ] 'y'all (familiar) eat'. After alveolar sibilants /θ ð s z ʃ ʒ/ it becomes /ɛː/.  
*In standard Albionian, ''ea'' is pronounced as palatalizing long /ɛː/ when not reduced: ''jeat wy'' [ˈjɛːtʰ ʍɪ] 'y'all (familiar) eat'. After alveolar sibilants /θ ð s z ʃ ʒ/ it becomes /ɛː/.  
*/ɛː/ shifts to /iː/ in basilectal southern accents.
*/ɛː/ shifts to /iː/ in basilectal southern accents.
*Initial ji jỉ jê > i ỉ ê in casual speech. For example, ''jiezyk'' /'jiəzɪk/ 'tongue; language' is pronounced ['iəzɪk].
*Initial ji jì jê > i ì ê in casual speech. For example, ''jiezyk'' /'jiəzɪk/ 'tongue; language' is pronounced ['iəzɪk].
*In noninitial syllables, historical short vowels are reduced and longs are shortened.
*In noninitial syllables, historical short vowels are reduced and longs are shortened.
**/a/ reduces to /ə/
**/a/ reduces to /ə/
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**no pleophony or metathesis (Southern dialects)
**no pleophony or metathesis (Southern dialects)
***r + coronal > retroflex (Bristol area, now only elderly speakers)
***r + coronal > retroflex (Bristol area, now only elderly speakers)
****'crow': ''wāṇa'' /'bǎ:ɳa/ (standard ''wảrna'' /'bawɾənə/)
****'crow': ''wāṇa'' /'bǎ:ɳa/ (standard ''wàrna'' /'bawɾənə/)
*Common Slavic accent
*Common Slavic accent
**Common Slavic stress retained but not tone (northern and most Scottish dialects)
**Common Slavic stress retained but not tone (northern and most Scottish dialects)
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==Writing==
==Writing==
In-universe, Netažin uses a Latin orthography similar to that of Vietnamese. Certain letters can take a palatalizing i which works much like in Italian and Polish: ''nia, tia, dia, nie, tie, die, ni, ti, di, etc.'' are read as ''ň ť ď'' + ''ia, e, ê, i, ỉ''. It is traditionally typeset in the Gaelic Uncial type (cf. Fraktur for Czech), a tradition which survives among Crackfic Trician Albionian speakers.
In-universe, Netažin uses a Latin orthography similar to that of Vietnamese. Certain letters can take a palatalizing i which works much like in Italian and Polish: ''nia, tia, dia, nie, tie, die, ni, ti, di, etc.'' are read as ''ň ť ď'' + ''ia, e, ê, i, ì''. It is traditionally typeset in the Gaelic Uncial type (cf. Fraktur for Czech), a tradition which survives among Crackfic Trician Albionian speakers.


The orthography is based on the relatively conservative southern dialect of ___ of the 15th and 16th centuries, but the pronunciation of the standard koine has absorbed influences from other dialects, such as liquid pleophony from the Talmic-influenced northern dialects.
The orthography is based on the relatively conservative southern dialect of ___ of the 15th and 16th centuries, but the pronunciation of the standard koine has absorbed influences from other dialects, such as liquid pleophony from the Talmic-influenced northern dialects.
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The ending ''-e'' in the above declensions causes second palatalization: ''n ng t c d g ch'' become ''ṅ nn ṫ th ḋ ð s'', for example:
The ending ''-e'' in the above declensions causes second palatalization: ''n ng t c d g ch'' become ''ṅ nn ṫ th ḋ ð s'', for example:
* ''stảrna'' 'side' > ''na tỷ stảrnie'' 'on the side'
* ''stàrna'' 'side' > ''na taì stàrnie'' 'on the side'
* ''dảrga'' 'road' > ''na tỷ dảrðe'' 'on the road'  
* ''dàrga'' 'road' > ''na taì dàrðe'' 'on the road'  
* ''tônga'' 'desire' > ''se tônne'' 'with desire'
* ''tônga'' 'desire' > ''se tônne'' 'with desire'
* ''uċitelca'' 'teacher (f.)' > ''tỷ uċitelthe'' 'to/for the teacher'
* ''uċitelca'' 'teacher (f.)' > ''taì uċitelthe'' 'to/for the teacher'


====Some soft-stem declensions====
====Some soft-stem declensions====
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''muġea''<br/>''listea''  ||''muġỉ''<br/>''listỉ''
|''muġea''<br/>''listea''  ||''muġì''<br/>''listì''
|''cơsti''<br/>''nơthi''  ||''cơstỉ''<br/>''nơthỉ''  
|''cơsti''<br/>''nơthi''  ||''cơstì''<br/>''nơthì''  
|''zemi''  ||''zemỉ''
|''zemi''  ||''zemì''
|''syrtha'' || ''syrth''
|''syrtha'' || ''syrth''
|''zdởnia''  ||''zdơṅ''
|''zdởnia''  ||''zdơṅ''
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|''zemi''  ||''zemim''
|''zemi''  ||''zemim''
|''syrthi'' || ''syrthim''
|''syrthi'' || ''syrthim''
|''zdởnỉ''  ||''zdởnim''
|''zdởnì''  ||''zdởnim''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''oca''  ||''ơċỉ''
|''oca''  ||''ơċì''
|''ucha'' ||''uṡỉ''
|''ucha'' ||''uṡì''
|''runcy'' ||''runthỉ''
|''runcy'' ||''runthì''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''ċelweaca''  ||''lidỉ''
|''ċelweaca''  ||''lidì''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''sluġintha''  ||''deatỉ''
|''sluġintha''  ||''deatì''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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====Loan declension====
====Loan declension====
Masculine and neuter words from Latin, Greek and Lithuanian remove their original nominative singular endings when declined.
Masculine and neuter words from Latin, Greek and Lithuanian remove their original nominative singular endings when declined.
*Second-declension nouns follow the ''wylc'' declension: for example, ''soċialismus'' 'socialism', ''mỷthos'' 'myth', ''Mindaugas'' 'Mindaugas (Lithuanian name)'.
*Second-declension nouns follow the ''wylc'' declension: for example, ''soċialismus'' 'socialism', ''maìthos'' 'myth', ''Mindaugas'' 'Mindaugas (Lithuanian name)'.
*There is a tendency to keep nominative and oblique stems separate where the original languages do; this includes nouns such as ''thema, themata, thematu, thematu''.
*There is a tendency to keep nominative and oblique stems separate where the original languages do; this includes nouns such as ''thema, themata, thematu, thematu''.
*Second-declension words in ''-um'' or ''-on'' follow the ''slowo'' or ''syrthe'' declension: for example, ''practicum'' 'internship'; ''critẻrion'' 'criterion'.
*Second-declension words in ''-um'' or ''-on'' follow the ''slowo'' or ''syrthe'' declension: for example, ''practicum'' 'internship'; ''critoerion'' 'criterion'.
*Nouns in ''-ẻ'' (for example, ''Athẻnẻ'' 'Athena') decline as feminine ''-e'' nouns; ''-ia'' nouns are a declension class of their own.
*Nouns in ''-oe'' (for example, ''Athoenoe'' 'Athena') decline as feminine ''-e'' nouns; ''-ia'' nouns are a declension class of their own.
*More unusual declensions are normatively treated as having one of the regular native declensions. The plural of ''ẻthos'' is ''ẻthosy''; using forms such as ''ẻthy'' would be hypercorrect.
*More unusual declensions are normatively treated as having one of the regular native declensions. The plural of ''oethos'' is ''oethosy''; using forms such as ''oethy'' would be hypercorrect.


Newer foreign ''-u'' names decline like ''slowo'' and ''-i'' names decline like ''-e'' nouns (allowed by Albionian vowel reduction). Female names ending in a consonant decline like ''cơst'': ''Ester'' becomes ''Esteri'' in the non-nominative cases. Names that don't fit into native patterns are indeclinable, and simply add the definite article: the female name Hanako becomes ''ta Hanako''. The definite article declines when the name needs to be declined: ''ty walsy tỷ Hanako'' 'Hanako's hair'.
Newer foreign ''-u'' names decline like ''slowo'' and ''-i'' names decline like ''-e'' nouns (allowed by Albionian vowel reduction). Female names ending in a consonant decline like ''cơst'': ''Ester'' becomes ''Esteri'' in the non-nominative cases. Names that don't fit into native patterns are indeclinable, and simply add the definite article: the female name Hanako becomes ''ta Hanako''. The definite article declines when the name needs to be declined: ''ty walsy taì Hanako'' 'Hanako's hair'.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''mỷthos'' (m.) = myth
! colspan=2| ''maìthos'' (m.) = myth
! colspan=2| ''practicum'' (n.) = internship
! colspan=2| ''practicum'' (n.) = internship
! colspan=2| ''critẻrion'' (n.) = criterion
! colspan=2| ''critoerion'' (n.) = criterion
! colspan=2| ''geometria'' (f.) = geometry
! colspan=2| ''geometria'' (f.) = geometry
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''mỷthos'' ||''mỷthy''
|''maìthos'' ||''maìthy''
|''practicum'' ||''practica''
|''practicum'' ||''practica''
|''critẻrion''  ||''critẻria''
|''critoerion''  ||''critoeria''
|''geometria'' || ''geometrii''
|''geometria'' || ''geometrii''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''mỷtha''  ||''mỷthow''
|''maìtha''  ||''maìthow''
|''practica'' ||''practic''
|''practica'' ||''practic''
|''critẻria'' ||''critẻriỉ''
|''critoeria'' ||''critoeriì''
|''geometrii'' || ''geometriỉ''
|''geometrii'' || ''geometriì''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''mỷthu''  ||''mỷthum''
|''maìthu''  ||''maìthum''
|''practicu'' ||''practicum''
|''practicu'' ||''practicum''
|''critẻrii'' ||''critẻriim''
|''critoerii'' ||''critoeriim''
|''geometrie'' || ''geometriim''
|''geometrie'' || ''geometriim''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''mỷthos''  ||''mỷthy''
|''maìthos''  ||''maìthy''
|''practicum'' ||''practica''
|''practicum'' ||''practica''
|''critẻrion'' ||''critẻrii''
|''critoerion'' ||''critoerii''
|''geometrii'' || ''geometrii''
|''geometrii'' || ''geometrii''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''mỷthe!''  ||''mỷthy!''
|''maìthe!''  ||''maìthy!''
|''practicum!'' ||''practica!''
|''practicum!'' ||''practica!''
|''critẻrion!'' ||''critẻria!''
|''critoerion!'' ||''critoeria!''
|''geometrio!'' || ''geometrii''
|''geometrio!'' || ''geometrii''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
!
!
! | ''Jẻsus'' (m.) = Jesus
! | ''Joesus'' (m.) = Jesus
|-
|-
!
!
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''Jẻsus''
|''Joesus''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''Jẻsu''
|''Joesu''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''Jẻsu(i)''
|''Joesu(i)''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''Jẻsus''
|''Joesus''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''Jẻsu!''
|''Joesu!''
|}
|}


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===Articles (''Articuly'')===
===Articles (''Articuly'')===
Like Irish and Welsh, Albionian has a definite article but no indefinite article; ''ġảba'' means 'a frog', and ''ta ġảba'' means 'the frog'.
Like Irish and Welsh, Albionian has a definite article but no indefinite article; ''ġàba'' means 'a frog', and ''ta ġàba'' means 'the frog'.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''tet'' 'the; that'
|+''tet'' 'the; that'
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''teo''  ||''tỷ'' || ''teo'' || ''teach''
|''teo''  ||''taì'' || ''teo'' || ''teach''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''tom''  ||''tỷ''||''tom'' ||''team''
|''tom''  ||''taì''||''tom'' ||''team''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
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''o'' is ''ob'' before a vowel.
''o'' is ''ob'' before a vowel.


Possession is indicated using the preposition ''u'', as in Russian: ''Les umne prỉclad.'' 'I have an example.'
Possession is indicated using the preposition ''u'', as in Russian: ''Les umne prìclad.'' 'I have an example.'


Some things that look like prepositions are not: e.g. the ''se'' in fixed time expressions ''se den'', ''se jitro'', ''se weċer'', ''se nơth'' 'today, this morning, this evening, tonight' is actually a fossilized demonstrative from Proto-Slavic {{recon|sŭ}}.
Some things that look like prepositions are not: e.g. the ''se'' in fixed time expressions ''se den'', ''se jitro'', ''se weċer'', ''se nơth'' 'today, this morning, this evening, tonight' is actually a fossilized demonstrative from Proto-Slavic {{recon|sŭ}}.
====Preposition + pronoun combinations====
====Preposition + pronoun combinations====
If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the preposition + pronoun is written and pronounced as one word: ''Bunde weċerca u Catheriny, ċi poidem my cunỉ ċil ne?'' /pʊndɨ bɛtʃʰɪɾkʰə ʊ ˈkʰaθɨɾɪnɨ, tʃɪ ˈpɔɪdɨm mɨ ˈkʰʊnʲiː tʃɪw nɛ/ 'There's a party at Catherina's, are we going [to her house] or not?'. If a preposition combines with a personal pronoun, -e- may be added between the preposition and the pronoun: for example: ''nademnau, nadetau, podemnau, podetau, yzemnie, yzetwe, yzese, semnau, stau.''
If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the preposition + pronoun is written and pronounced as one word: ''Bunde weċerca u Catheriny, ċi poidem my cunì ċil ne?'' /pʊndɨ bɛtʃʰɪɾkʰə ʊ ˈkʰaθɨɾɪnɨ, tʃɪ ˈpɔɪdɨm mɨ ˈkʰʊnʲiː tʃɪw nɛ/ 'There's a party at Catherina's, are we going [to her house] or not?'. If a preposition combines with a personal pronoun, -e- may be added between the preposition and the pronoun: for example: ''nademnau, nadetau, podemnau, podetau, yzemnie, yzetwe, yzese, semnau, stau.''


====Preposition + article contractions====
====Preposition + article contractions====
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''se'' + ''team'' > ''steam''
''se'' + ''team'' > ''steam''


===Adjectives (''Adjectỉva'')===
===Adjectives (''Adjectìva'')===
Predicative forms of ''-scỷ'' adjectives are in ''-scy''.
Predicative forms of ''-scaì'' adjectives are in ''-scy''.
Hard stems:
Hard stems:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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|rowspan=4|'''Attributive'''
|rowspan=4|'''Attributive'''
|'''Nom., Voc.'''
|'''Nom., Voc.'''
|''dobrỷ'' || ''dobrả'' || ''dobrẻ'' || ''dobrỉ'' (m), ''dobrê'' (f), ''dobrả'' (n)
|''dobraì'' || ''dobrà'' || ''dobroe'' || ''dobrì'' (m), ''dobrê'' (f), ''dobrà'' (n)
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''dobrẻo''  ||''dobrỷ'' || ''dobrẻo'' || ''dobrỷch''
|''dobroeo''  ||''dobraì'' || ''dobroeo'' || ''dobraìch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''dobrẻm''  ||''dobrỷ''||''dobrẻm'' ||''dobrỷm''
|''dobroem''  ||''dobraì''||''dobroem'' ||''dobraìm''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''dobrẻo'' || ''dobrau'' || ''dobrẻ'' || ''dobrê'' (m/f), ''dobrả'' (n)
|''dobroeo'' || ''dobrau'' || ''dobroe'' || ''dobrê'' (m/f), ''dobrà'' (n)
|}
|}


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|rowspan=4|'''Attributive'''
|rowspan=4|'''Attributive'''
|align="right"|'''Nom., Voc.'''
|align="right"|'''Nom., Voc.'''
|''ostatnỉ'' || ''ostatniả'' || ''ostatniê'' || ''ostatniê'' (m/f), ''ostatniả'' (n)
|''ostatnì'' || ''ostatnià'' || ''ostatniê'' || ''ostatniê'' (m/f), ''ostatnià'' (n)
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''ostatnỉo''  ||''ostatnỉ'' || ''ostatnỉo'' || ''ostatnỉch''
|''ostatnìo''  ||''ostatnì'' || ''ostatnìo'' || ''ostatnìch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''ostatnỉm''  ||''ostatnỉ''||''ostatnỉm'' ||''ostatnỉm''
|''ostatnìm''  ||''ostatnì''||''ostatnìm'' ||''ostatnìm''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''ostatnỉo''  ||''ostatnỉ''||''ostatniê'' ||''ostatniê'' (m/f), ''ostatniả'' (n)
|''ostatnìo''  ||''ostatnì''||''ostatniê'' ||''ostatniê'' (m/f), ''ostatnià'' (n)
|}
|}
====Possessive adjectives====
====Possessive adjectives====
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|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''dealảns'' || ''dealảṡ ty'' || ''dealả'' || ''dealảm my'' || ''dealảt wy'' || ''dealản ṡi'' || ''dealả-sê''
| ''dealàns'' || ''dealàṡ ty'' || ''dealà'' || ''dealàm my'' || ''dealàt wy'' || ''dealàn ṡi'' || ''dealà-sê''
|-
|-
! present prog.
! present prog.
| ''sens dealảnth'' || ''sty dealảnth'' || ''les ton dealảnth'' || ''smy dealảnth'' || ''swy dealảnth'' || ''len ṡi dealảnth'' || ''dealảmo''
| ''sens dealànth'' || ''sty dealànth'' || ''les ton dealànth'' || ''smy dealànth'' || ''swy dealànth'' || ''len ṡi dealànth'' || ''dealàmo''
|-
|-
! past
! past
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|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|dealảnthỷ}}''
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|dealànthaì}}''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''dealanỷ''
|colspan="7"| ''dealanaì''
|-
|-
! verbnoun
! verbnoun
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|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|wiðônthỷ}}''
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|wiðônthaì}}''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''wiðenỷ''
|colspan="7"| ''wiðenaì''
|-
|-
! verbnoun
! verbnoun
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|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''noṡins'' || ''nosỉṡ ty'' || ''nosỉ'' || ''nosỉm my'' || ''nosỉt wy'' || ''noṡên ṡi'' || ''nosỉ-sê''
| ''noṡins'' || ''nosìṡ ty'' || ''nosì'' || ''nosìm my'' || ''nosìt wy'' || ''noṡên ṡi'' || ''nosì-sê''
|-
|-
! present prog.
! present prog.
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|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|noṡênthỷ}}''
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|noṡênthaì}}''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''noṡenỷ''
|colspan="7"| ''noṡenaì''
|-
|-
! verbnoun
! verbnoun
Line 884: Line 884:
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|beseaduênthỷ}}''
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|beseaduênthaì}}''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''beseadowanỷ''
|colspan="7"| ''beseadowanaì''
|-
|-
! verbnoun
! verbnoun
Line 916: Line 916:
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''beseadnuntỷ''
|colspan="7"| ''beseadnuntaì''
|-
|-
! verbnoun
! verbnoun
Line 924: Line 924:
===Irregular verbs===
===Irregular verbs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''prỉnṫ'' 'to get, to obtain (perf. of ''prỉmaṫ'')' ''
|+ '''''prìnṫ'' 'to get, to obtain (perf. of ''prìmaṫ'')' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''prỉmuns'' || ''prỉmeṡ ty'' || ''prỉme'' || ''prỉmem my'' || ''prỉmet wy'' || ''prỉmôn'' || ''prỉme-sê''
| ''prìmuns'' || ''prìmeṡ ty'' || ''prìme'' || ''prìmem my'' || ''prìmet wy'' || ''prìmôn'' || ''prìme-sê''
|-
|-
! present perf.
! present perf.
| ''sens prỉnṡi'' || ''sty prỉnṡi'' || ''les ton prỉnṡi'' || ''smy prỉnṡi'' || ''swy prỉnṡi'' || ''len ṡi prỉnṡi'' || ''prỉnto''
| ''sens prìnṡi'' || ''sty prìnṡi'' || ''les ton prìnṡi'' || ''smy prìnṡi'' || ''swy prìnṡi'' || ''len ṡi prìnṡi'' || ''prìnto''
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''prijalns, prijalans'' (pronounced ''prỉlns'') || ''prijal(a) sty'' || ''prijal on(a/o); prijal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''prijai smy'' || ''prijai swy'' || ''prijai ṡi'' || ''prijalo-sê''
| ''prijalns, prijalans'' (pronounced ''prìlns'') || ''prijal(a) sty'' || ''prijal on(a/o); prijal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''prijai smy'' || ''prijai swy'' || ''prijai ṡi'' || ''prijalo-sê''
|-
|-
! conditional
! conditional
Line 940: Line 940:
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''prỉmi!'' || ''-'' || ''prỉmeam!'' || ''prỉmeate!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
| ''-'' || ''prìmi!'' || ''-'' || ''prìmeam!'' || ''prìmeate!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
|-
!colspan="8"|
!colspan="8"|
|-
|-
! past active participle
! past active participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|prỉnṡi}}''
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|prìnṡi}}''
|-
|-
! past passive participle
! past passive participle
|colspan="7"| ''prỉnt''
|colspan="7"| ''prìnt''
|-
|-
! verbnoun
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''prỉntiê''
|colspan="7"| ''prìntiê''
|}
|}


====-ṫ====
====-ṫ====
''dẻrt'' 'to tear'
''doert'' 'to tear'


present: ''druns, dreṡ ty, dre, drem my, dret wy, drôn''
present: ''druns, dreṡ ty, dre, drem my, dret wy, drôn''
Line 969: Line 969:
d/t-stems go like this:
d/t-stems go like this:


''ċỉst, preċỉst'' 'to read' (from a combination of *ċisti and *ċitati):
''ċìst, preċìst'' 'to read' (from a combination of *ċisti and *ċitati):


present: ''ċituns, ċiteṡ ty, ċite ton, ċitem my, ċitet wy, ċitôn''
present: ''ċituns, ċiteṡ ty, ċite ton, ċitem my, ċitet wy, ċitôn''
Line 981: Line 981:
verbnoun: ''ċiteniê''
verbnoun: ''ċiteniê''


''nẻst'' 'to carry (unidirectional)':  
''noest'' 'to carry (unidirectional)':  


present: nesuns, neseṡ ty, nese ton, nesem my, neset wy, nesôn ṡi
present: nesuns, neseṡ ty, nese ton, nesem my, neset wy, nesôn ṡi
Line 1,015: Line 1,015:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bẻrth'' 'to care for (imperfect)' ''
|+ '''''boerth'' 'to care for (imperfect)' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
|-
Line 1,036: Line 1,036:
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''bergônthỷ''
|colspan="7"| ''bergônthaì''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''berġenỷ''
|colspan="7"| ''berġenaì''
|-
|-
! verbnoun
! verbnoun
Line 1,068: Line 1,068:
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''reaċenỷ''
|colspan="7"| ''reaċenaì''
|-
|-
! verbnoun
! verbnoun
Line 1,084: Line 1,084:
|-
|-
! habitual
! habitual
| ''bỷwảns'' || ''bỷwảṡ ty'' || ''bỷwả'' || ''bỷwảm my'' || ''bỷwảt wy'' || ''bỷwản ṡi'' || ''bỷwả-sê''
| ''baìwàns'' || ''baìwàṡ ty'' || ''baìwà'' || ''baìwàm my'' || ''baìwàt wy'' || ''baìwàn ṡi'' || ''baìwà-sê''
|-
|-
! past
! past
Line 1,101: Line 1,101:
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|sônthỷ}}''
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|sônthaì}}''
|-
|-
! verbnoun
! verbnoun
Line 1,108: Line 1,108:


====Verbs of motion====
====Verbs of motion====
*to go by foot: ỉsṫ (uni); chơdiṫ (multi)
*to go by foot: ìsṫ (uni); chơdiṫ (multi)
*to go by vehicle: eachaṫ (uni); eazdiṫ (multi)
*to go by vehicle: eachaṫ (uni); eazdiṫ (multi)
*to carry (by foot): nẻsṫ (uni); nơsiṫ (multi)
*to carry (by foot): noesṫ (uni); nơsiṫ (multi)
*to carry (by vehicle): wẻzṫ (uni); wơziṫ (multi)
*to carry (by vehicle): woezṫ (uni); wơziṫ (multi)
*to run: biêth (uni); biêgaṫ (multi)
*to run: biêth (uni); biêgaṫ (multi)
*to swim: plauṫ (uni); plewaṫ (multi)
*to swim: plauṫ (uni); plewaṫ (multi)
*to fly: leateaṫ (uni); liêtaṫ (multi)
*to fly: leateaṫ (uni); liêtaṫ (multi)
*to lead: wẻsṫ (uni); wơdiṫ (multi)
*to lead: woesṫ (uni); wơdiṫ (multi)
*to climb: liêzṫ (uni); laziṫ (multi)
*to climb: liêzṫ (uni); laziṫ (multi)
*to chase: gnaṫ (uni); ganiaṫ (multi)
*to chase: gnaṫ (uni); ganiaṫ (multi)
Line 1,129: Line 1,129:
|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
| ''miê, mnie, -mnie (prep)'' || ''tiê, tebe, -twe (prep)'' || ''jei, -niei (prep.)'' || ''ji, -ni (prep.)'' || ''to'' || ''nảs'' || ''wảs'' || ''je, -nie (prep.)'' || ''sê, -sê (prep)''
| ''miê, mnie, -mnie (prep)'' || ''tiê, tebe, -twe (prep)'' || ''jei, -niei (prep.)'' || ''ji, -ni (prep.)'' || ''to'' || ''nàs'' || ''wàs'' || ''je, -nie (prep.)'' || ''sê, -sê (prep)''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''men, -mnie (prep)'' || ''teb, -twe (prep)'' || ''jeo, -nieo (prep.)'' || ''jỉ, -nỉ (prep.)''  || ''teo'' || ''nảs'' || ''wảs'' || ''jich, -nich (prep.)'' || ''seb, -sê (prep)''
| ''men, -mnie (prep)'' || ''teb, -twe (prep)'' || ''jeo, -nieo (prep.)'' || ''jì, -nì (prep.)''  || ''teo'' || ''nàs'' || ''wàs'' || ''jich, -nich (prep.)'' || ''seb, -sê (prep)''
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
| ''mi, mnau, -mnau (prep)'' || ''ti, tau, -tau (prep)'' || ''jem, mu, -niem (prep.)'' || ''jỉ, -nỉ (prep.)'' || ''tom'' || ''nảm'' || ''wảm'' || ''jim, -nim (prep.)'' || ''si, sau, -sau (prep)''
| ''mi, mnau, -mnau (prep)'' || ''ti, tau, -tau (prep)'' || ''jem, mu, -niem (prep.)'' || ''jì, -nì (prep.)'' || ''tom'' || ''nàm'' || ''wàm'' || ''jim, -nim (prep.)'' || ''si, sau, -sau (prep)''
|-
|-
! poss.
! poss.
| ''môi'' || ''tôi'' || ''jeo'' || ''jỉ'' || ''teo'' || ''nảṡ'' || ''wảṡ'' || ''jich'' || ''sôi; walsnỷ''
| ''môi'' || ''tôi'' || ''jeo'' || ''jì'' || ''teo'' || ''nàṡ'' || ''wàṡ'' || ''jich'' || ''sôi; walsnaì''
|}
|}
The nominative forms ''ton'' etc. are used after verb forms ending in a vowel. Otherwise ''on'' etc. are used.
The nominative forms ''ton'' etc. are used after verb forms ending in a vowel. Otherwise ''on'' etc. are used.


The form ''ṡi'' is from ''*vьśi'' 'all'. ''ṡi'' (same as the 3rd person plural) is also the standard polite pronoun in Albion. American Albionian uses ''wy'' for singular and plural familiar, ''wảsca'' for both singular and plural of neutral familiarity in the Americas, and ''tet pan, ta pani'' (pl. ''ty panowea, ty pani'') are very polite.
The form ''ṡi'' is from ''*vьśi'' 'all'. ''ṡi'' (same as the 3rd person plural) is also the standard polite pronoun in Albion. American Albionian uses ''wy'' for singular and plural familiar, ''wàsca'' for both singular and plural of neutral familiarity in the Americas, and ''tet pan, ta pani'' (pl. ''ty panowea, ty pani'') are very polite.
====Possessive pronouns====
====Possessive pronouns====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 1,154: Line 1,154:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''môi'' || ''mả'' || ''mẻ'' || ''mỉ'' (m), ''mê'' (f), ''mả'' (n)
|''môi'' || ''mà'' || ''moe'' || ''mì'' (m), ''mê'' (f), ''mà'' (n)
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''mẻo''  ||''mỷ'' || ''mẻo'' || ''mỷch''
|''moeo''  ||''maì'' || ''moeo'' || ''maìch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''mẻm''  ||''mỷ''||''mẻm'' ||''mỷm''
|''moem''  ||''maì''||''moem'' ||''maìm''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''mẻo''  ||''mau'' || ''mẻ'' || ''mê'' (m/f), ''mả'' (n)
|''moeo''  ||''mau'' || ''moe'' || ''mê'' (m/f), ''mà'' (n)
|}
|}


Line 1,176: Line 1,176:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''tôi'' || ''twả'' || ''twẻ'' || ''twỉ'' (m), ''twê'' (f), ''twả'' (n)
|''tôi'' || ''twà'' || ''twoe'' || ''twì'' (m), ''twê'' (f), ''twà'' (n)
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''twẻo''  ||''twỷ'' || ''twẻo'' || ''twỷch''
|''twoeo''  ||''twaì'' || ''twoeo'' || ''twaìch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''twẻm''  ||''twỷ''||''twẻm'' ||''twỷm''
|''twoem''  ||''twaì''||''twoem'' ||''twaìm''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''twẻo'' || ''tau'' || ''twẻ'' || ''twê'' (m/f), ''twả'' (n)
|''twoeo'' || ''tau'' || ''twoe'' || ''twê'' (m/f), ''twà'' (n)
|}
|}


Line 1,191: Line 1,191:


{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''nảṡ'' 'our'
|+''nàṡ'' 'our'
|-
|-
!
!
Line 1,200: Line 1,200:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''nảṡ'' || ''naṡa'' || ''naṡe'' || ''naṡi'' (m/f), ''naṡe'' (n)
|''nàṡ'' || ''naṡa'' || ''naṡe'' || ''naṡi'' (m/f), ''naṡe'' (n)
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''naṡeo''  ||''naṡỉ'' || ''naṡeo'' || ''naṡich''
|''naṡeo''  ||''naṡì'' || ''naṡeo'' || ''naṡich''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''naṡem''  ||''naṡỉ''||''naṡem'' ||''naṡim''
|''naṡem''  ||''naṡì''||''naṡem'' ||''naṡim''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''naṡeo'' || ''naṡi'' || ''naṡe'' || ''naṡi'' (m/f), ''naṡe'' (n)
|''naṡeo'' || ''naṡi'' || ''naṡe'' || ''naṡi'' (m/f), ''naṡe'' (n)
|}
|}
''wảṡ'' is similar.
''wàṡ'' is similar.


====Uses of ''sam''====
====Uses of ''sam''====
Line 1,270: Line 1,270:
|}
|}


''acỷ'' 'what kind of, what (used to ask what X, given that it's an X)'  ''tacỷ'' 'such, like that', ''cterỷ'' 'which (which item in a predetermined set of options)' decline as ordinary adjectives. The relativizer ''tacỷġ'' declines as ''tacỷ'' + ''ġ''. Wehn the relative clause has a copula, the relativizer combines with the copula to form ''tacỷġes'' etc.
''acaì'' 'what kind of, what (used to ask what X, given that it's an X)'  ''tacaì'' 'such, like that', ''cteraì'' 'which (which item in a predetermined set of options)' decline as ordinary adjectives. The relativizer ''tacaìġ'' declines as ''tacaì'' + ''ġ''. Wehn the relative clause has a copula, the relativizer combines with the copula to form ''tacaìġes'' etc.


===Numerals (''Numerảlia'')===
===Numerals (''Numeràlia'')===
(colloquially those are just called ''ċỉsla'' 'numbers')
(colloquially those are just called ''ċìsla'' 'numbers')


0. nula; nultej
0. nula; nultej
Line 1,395: Line 1,395:
**Though ''y'' and ''a'' had different meanings up to EMAlb, the choice between ''y'' and ''a'' is purely phonetically determined in the modern language. a(l) is used after /i: ɪ ɨ/, y(l) otherwise. The -l (from *li) is used iff a vowel follows.
**Though ''y'' and ''a'' had different meanings up to EMAlb, the choice between ''y'' and ''a'' is purely phonetically determined in the modern language. a(l) is used after /i: ɪ ɨ/, y(l) otherwise. The -l (from *li) is used iff a vowel follows.
*''ċi, libo, alibo'' = 'or'
*''ċi, libo, alibo'' = 'or'
**''ảb'' = (literary) 'or'
**''àb'' = (literary) 'or'
*''ale'' = 'but'
*''ale'' = 'but'
*''aċcoi tac'' = 'however'
*''aċcoi tac'' = 'however'
Line 1,402: Line 1,402:
*''nebo(ṡ)'' = 'because'; can't be used at the beginning of the sentence
*''nebo(ṡ)'' = 'because'; can't be used at the beginning of the sentence
*''tomże'' = because (can be used to start a sentence)
*''tomże'' = because (can be used to start a sentence)
*''reaċỉ teo ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''reaċì teo ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''dôwodem teo ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''dôwodem teo ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''stởniêm teo, ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''stởniêm teo, ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
Line 1,430: Line 1,430:
==="There is" and "to have"===
==="There is" and "to have"===
In the past tense, the verb ''bylo'' agrees with the gender of the (first) subject in affirmatives but defaults to masculine singular when negated:
In the past tense, the verb ''bylo'' agrees with the gender of the (first) subject in affirmatives but defaults to masculine singular when negated:
*''Byl'''a''' ġen'''a''' y piênt deatỉ unie.'' = He had a wife and five children.
*''Byl'''a''' ġen'''a''' y piênt deatì unie.'' = He had a wife and five children.
*''Ne byl als teo lewra semnau.'' = I didn't have the book with me.
*''Ne byl als teo lewra semnau.'' = I didn't have the book with me.


Line 1,443: Line 1,443:


===Relative clauses===
===Relative clauses===
To form a relative clause, usually the relativizer ''cde'' (indeclinable) is used after the noun phrase. Formal or literary writing may use the relativizer ''tacỷġ'', which declines but is ''not'' a true relative pronoun; it agrees with the case of the head in the matrix clause (cf. Arabic ''allaðī''). ''Jeġ'' is only used archaically. In both cases, a resumptive pronoun is used when the head is not a subject or a direct object in the relative clause:
To form a relative clause, usually the relativizer ''cde'' (indeclinable) is used after the noun phrase. Formal or literary writing may use the relativizer ''tacaìġ'', which declines but is ''not'' a true relative pronoun; it agrees with the case of the head in the matrix clause (cf. Arabic ''allaðī''). ''Jeġ'' is only used archaically. In both cases, a resumptive pronoun is used when the head is not a subject or a direct object in the relative clause:


:'''''Byla ơwtha tacảġ ne byl unỉ als wolny'''''
:'''''Byla ơwtha tacàġ ne byl unì als wolny'''''
:be.PST-3SG.F sheep-NOM.SG, REL.NOM.SG.F NEG be.PST.3SG.M by-(RES)3SG.F.GEN NEG wool-GEN.SG
:be.PST-3SG.F sheep-NOM.SG, REL.NOM.SG.F NEG be.PST.3SG.M by-(RES)3SG.F.GEN NEG wool-GEN.SG
:''There was a sheep which had no wool''
:''There was a sheep which had no wool''
Line 1,453: Line 1,453:
For Germanic words in our Slavic, Albionian uses Celtic or Latin words instead:
For Germanic words in our Slavic, Albionian uses Celtic or Latin words instead:
*''tet briêntin'' (PCeltic *brigant-) = king
*''tet briêntin'' (PCeltic *brigant-) = king
*''tet tơwsảc, ta tơwsảċca'' (*tovĭsakŭ, from PCeltic *towissākos) = prince (all senses)
*''tet tơwsàc, ta tơwsàċca'' (*tovĭsakŭ, from PCeltic *towissākos) = prince (all senses)
*''tet dryw'' = wren
*''tet dryw'' = wren


Line 1,459: Line 1,459:
(mainly religious and official words)
(mainly religious and official words)
*''tet lewr'' (from Latin ''liber'') = book
*''tet lewr'' (from Latin ''liber'') = book
*''wendỉthiṫ, po-'' (from Latin benedico, via Brythonic) = to bless
*''wendìthiṫ, po-'' (from Latin benedico, via Brythonic) = to bless
**has doublet ''mnithowaṫ, po-'' = to thank
**has doublet ''mnithowaṫ, po-'' = to thank
*''zamechtỉthen'' (from ''maledico'' via Welsh ''melltithio'') = (''attributive only'') goddamn, bloody
*''zamechtìthen'' (from ''maledico'' via Welsh ''melltithio'') = (''attributive only'') goddamn, bloody
**''zachtỉthen'' is more vulgar.
**''zachtìthen'' is more vulgar.


===Proto-English loans===
===Proto-English loans===
Line 1,502: Line 1,502:
Today some syntactic constructions and endings from Early Modern Netažin still survive in poetic or flowery Netažin, but the register as a whole sounds markedly religious and is thus not used even in modern fantasy or historical fiction.
Today some syntactic constructions and endings from Early Modern Netažin still survive in poetic or flowery Netažin, but the register as a whole sounds markedly religious and is thus not used even in modern fantasy or historical fiction.
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
*'''a&#795;''' was sometimes used for umlauted long ''ả''. Today this sound is written ''ở'' and is pronounced /œ:/
*'''a&#795;''' was sometimes used for umlauted long ''à''. Today this sound is written ''ở'' and is pronounced /œ:/


===Accent===
===Accent===
*Old acute (modern stød): ạ
*Old acute (modern stød): ạ
*Neoacute (high rising): á
*Neoacute (high rising): á
*Dipping-rising: ả (resulting from contraction of VjV)
*Dipping-rising: à (resulting from contraction of VjV)
*Grave or circumflex (low): à (long but not acute)
*Grave or circumflex (low): à (long but not acute)
*Unaccented: a (resulting from stress shift to initial)
*Unaccented: a (resulting from stress shift to initial)
Line 1,520: Line 1,520:
*Infinitives in ''-ti'' or ''-thi'' (e.g. ''dealati'', ''rieþi'')  
*Infinitives in ''-ti'' or ''-thi'' (e.g. ''dealati'', ''rieþi'')  
*Pro-drop when the subject is not 3rd person
*Pro-drop when the subject is not 3rd person
*3sg, 2pl and 3pl present and future perfective forms in ''-t'', ''-te'' and ''-nt'' (e.g. ''dealảt, dealảte, dealảnt'', sometimes for more archaic effect ''dealaït, dealaïte, dealaïnt''); the 3pl form is always used with a plural subject.
*3sg, 2pl and 3pl present and future perfective forms in ''-t'', ''-te'' and ''-nt'' (e.g. ''dealàt, dealàte, dealànt'', sometimes for more archaic effect ''dealaït, dealaïte, dealaïnt''); the 3pl form is always used with a plural subject.
*''ne'' used without ''als''.
*''ne'' used without ''als''.
*''est'' and ''sunt'' are used for 3sg and 3pl present of ''bỵt'' (The modern forms ''les/os'' and ''len/lesun/ỏn/osun'' are from ''gleḋ/ot est'' 'here is' and ''gleḋ/ot sunt''.)
*''est'' and ''sunt'' are used for 3sg and 3pl present of ''bỵt'' (The modern forms ''les/os'' and ''len/lesun/ỏn/osun'' are from ''gleḋ/ot est'' 'here is' and ''gleḋ/ot sunt''.)
Line 1,528: Line 1,528:
*Adjectives may come before nouns.
*Adjectives may come before nouns.
*Early Modern Albionian disallowed morphological "double negatives":  
*Early Modern Albionian disallowed morphological "double negatives":  
**ne... aden X instead of ne... wals ġảdnẻo X
**ne... aden X instead of ne... wals ġàdnoeo X
**ne... weath  instead of ne... wals niċeo
**ne... weath  instead of ne... wals niċeo
**ne... ċelweac 'not a human' instead of ne... wals niceo
**ne... ċelweac 'not a human' instead of ne... wals niceo
IlL
140,341

edits

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