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Albionian (view source)

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*the big Celtic things are: unaspirated-aspirated with some preaspiration, θ ð corresponding pretty much 1-1 to Polish c dz, lack of metathesis and some Irish-inspired things like how čelweak is pronounced /tʃʰɛləβɪhk/; articles
*the big Celtic things are: unaspirated-aspirated with some preaspiration, θ ð corresponding pretty much 1-1 to Polish c dz, lack of metathesis and some Irish-inspired things like how čelweak is pronounced /tʃʰɛləβɪhk/; articles
*sv, zv > skw, zgw
*sv, zv > skw, zgw
*Initial stress, vowel reduction of short vowels, some umlaut to get ở, no yer-deletion if syllable is initial
*Initial stress, vowel reduction of short vowels, some umlaut to get aù, no yer-deletion if syllable is initial
*Changes found in other Slavic languages like vowel length and relative lack of palatalization from Czech (especially Common Czech), PSlav v > /w/, as well as some /l/ > /w/ as in Ukrainian; some /g/ > /ɣ/, also reminiscent of Czech
*Changes found in other Slavic languages like vowel length and relative lack of palatalization from Czech (especially Common Czech), PSlav v > /w/, as well as some /l/ > /w/ as in Ukrainian; some /g/ > /ɣ/, also reminiscent of Czech
*the b~β~w allophony
*the b~β~w allophony
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**#*If the ''g'' precedes an unreduced /a/, then it is pronounced [ʕ]: ''prebiega'' ['pʰɾɛbiəʕa] 'it is in progress'.
**#*If the ''g'' precedes an unreduced /a/, then it is pronounced [ʕ]: ''prebiega'' ['pʰɾɛbiəʕa] 'it is in progress'.
* The letter ''ṙ'' for formerly palatalized /r/ was used inconsistently in Early Modern Albionian and quickly fell out of use. It corresponds to the Czech ''ř'' sound, voiceless /r/ or trilled /r/ in dialects.
* The letter ''ṙ'' for formerly palatalized /r/ was used inconsistently in Early Modern Albionian and quickly fell out of use. It corresponds to the Czech ''ř'' sound, voiceless /r/ or trilled /r/ in dialects.
* th ð = /θ ð/ in Standard Albionian. Nonstandard accents of Standard Albionian have various realizations for these sounds, such as [f v], [ts dz], slit fricatives or retroflexes: ''se nơth'' 'tonight' [sɨ'nœf~sɨ'nœθ̠~sɨ'nœʂ~sɨ'nœts].
* th ð = /θ ð/ in Standard Albionian. Nonstandard accents of Standard Albionian have various realizations for these sounds, such as [f v], [ts dz], slit fricatives or retroflexes: ''se nauth'' 'tonight' [sɨ'nœf~sɨ'nœθ̠~sɨ'nœʂ~sɨ'nœts].
* /l/ is velarized before back vowels. It is vocalized to a nasalized pharyngealized uvular approximant in coda: ''postel'' 'bed' [pʰɔstɤ̃ˤʶ].
* /l/ is velarized before back vowels. It is vocalized to a nasalized pharyngealized uvular approximant in coda: ''postel'' 'bed' [pʰɔstɤ̃ˤʶ].
*Voiced fricatives are not devoiced at ends of words.
*Voiced fricatives are not devoiced at ends of words.
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a e i/y o u/w ơ (ag) à oe ea ì ỏ/og ở/uê ủ au ê/iê ô eo/oeo ìo ỵ aì/ei/eu = (unreduced) /a ɛ ɪ ɔ u œ aː aw ɛː jɛː iː ow øː uː œj iə uə ɛw~əw ɪw iː ɛj/
a e i/y o u/w au (ag) à oe ea ì ò/og aù/uê ủ au ê/iê ô eo/oeo ìo aị aì/ei/eu = (unreduced) /a ɛ ɪ ɔ u œ aː aw ɛː jɛː iː ow øː uː œj iə uə ɛw~əw ɪw iː ɛj/
*''cy gy'' are pronounced /kʰɪ kɪ/, not /kʰɨ kɨ/.
*''cy gy'' are pronounced /kʰɪ kɪ/, not /kʰɨ kɨ/.
*In standard Albionian, ''ea'' is pronounced as palatalizing long /ɛː/ when not reduced: ''jeat wy'' [ˈjɛːtʰ ʍɪ] 'y'all (familiar) eat'. After alveolar sibilants /θ ð s z ʃ ʒ/ it becomes /ɛː/.  
*In standard Albionian, ''ea'' is pronounced as palatalizing long /ɛː/ when not reduced: ''jeat wy'' [ˈjɛːtʰ ʍɪ] 'y'all (familiar) eat'. After alveolar sibilants /θ ð s z ʃ ʒ/ it becomes /ɛː/.  
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**/œ ʊ/ reduces to /ʏ/
**/œ ʊ/ reduces to /ʏ/
***''steam deatum'' 'with the children' [scɪm ˈciətʰʏm]
***''steam deatum'' 'with the children' [scɪm ˈciətʰʏm]
***''mơžnơst'' 'possibility' [ˈmœʒnʏst]
***''maužnaust'' 'possibility' [ˈmœʒnʏst]
*/ɛɪ/ reduces to /ɪj/
*/ɛɪ/ reduces to /ɪj/


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Various dialectal isoglosses:
Various dialectal isoglosses:
*/dl/ (Standard) ~ /ɾl/ ~ /ɭ/ ~ /ɻ/ ~ /l/
*/dl/ (Standard) ~ /ɾl/ ~ /ɭ/ ~ /ɻ/ ~ /l/
**'soap': ''mỵdlo'' (Southern to Midlands) ~ ''mȳrlo''/''mȳḷo''/''mȳzho'' (Bristol) ~ ''mýlo'' (Northern England)
**'soap': ''maịdlo'' (Southern to Midlands) ~ ''mȳrlo''/''mȳḷo''/''mȳzho'' (Bristol) ~ ''mýlo'' (Northern England)
*Liquid pleophony vs metathesis vs none
*Liquid pleophony vs metathesis vs none
**metathesis (Some Scottish dialects)
**metathesis (Some Scottish dialects)
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Like our Slavic, Albionian has masculine, feminine and neuter genders, and has the same gender markers as our Slavic. Gender-neutral forms are sometimes created by concatenating masculine and feminine endings.
Like our Slavic, Albionian has masculine, feminine and neuter genders, and has the same gender markers as our Slavic. Gender-neutral forms are sometimes created by concatenating masculine and feminine endings.


Modern Standard Netažin nouns and adjectives have retained five of the seven Proto-Slavic cases: nominative, dative, genitive, allative from the PSlav accusative after prepositions, and vocative. (Dialects differ in the number of cases; some conservative dialects retain all 7 Proto-Slavic cases, while some dialects, particularly in the New World, have lost case entirely.) The nominative is used for both subjects and direct objects; the dative fills the role of dative nouns and after some prepositions in our Slavic languages. The instrumental (''instrumentởl'') is semi-productive in forming adverbs and expressions, e.g. ''prawdü'' 'really'; ''beagem'' 'during'; ''wuzglyndem'' 'owing to, in view of'; ''pomöþi'' 'with, using'; ''ynejmi slowy'' 'in other words'.
Modern Standard Netažin nouns and adjectives have retained five of the seven Proto-Slavic cases: nominative, dative, genitive, allative from the PSlav accusative after prepositions, and vocative. (Dialects differ in the number of cases; some conservative dialects retain all 7 Proto-Slavic cases, while some dialects, particularly in the New World, have lost case entirely.) The nominative is used for both subjects and direct objects; the dative fills the role of dative nouns and after some prepositions in our Slavic languages. The instrumental (''instrumentaùl'') is semi-productive in forming adverbs and expressions, e.g. ''prawdü'' 'really'; ''beagem'' 'during'; ''wuzglyndem'' 'owing to, in view of'; ''pomöþi'' 'with, using'; ''ynejmi slowy'' 'in other words'.


The instrumental has been replaced with the dative in the following way:
The instrumental has been replaced with the dative in the following way:
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{{ast}} Sometimes ''-owea'' for humans.
{{ast}} Sometimes ''-owea'' for humans.


Some ''wylc'' nouns drop intervening ''e'' or ''y'' (from PS hard and soft yer respectively) when adding endings: ''pes'' 'dog' > gen. ''psa''; ''cơthec'' 'kitten' > gen. ''cơthca''.
Some ''wylc'' nouns drop intervening ''e'' or ''y'' (from PS hard and soft yer respectively) when adding endings: ''pes'' 'dog' > gen. ''psa''; ''cauthec'' 'kitten' > gen. ''cauthca''.


In ''wylc'' nouns, -u is used for nouns ending in velars and ''-e'' for others.
In ''wylc'' nouns, -u is used for nouns ending in velars and ''-e'' for others.
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====Some soft-stem declensions====
====Some soft-stem declensions====
Some nouns like ''list'' 'leaf' and ''cơst'' 'bone' end in a hard consonant in the nominative.
Some nouns like ''list'' 'leaf' and ''caust'' 'bone' end in a hard consonant in the nominative.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''muġ'' (m.) = man<br/>''list'' (m.) = leaf
! colspan=2| ''muġ'' (m.) = man<br/>''list'' (m.) = leaf
! colspan=2| ''cơst'' (f.) = bone<br/>''nơth'' (f.) = night
! colspan=2| ''caust'' (f.) = bone<br/>''nauth'' (f.) = night
! colspan=2| ''zemea'' (f.) = earth
! colspan=2| ''zemea'' (f.) = earth
! colspan=2| ''syrthe'' (n.) = heart
! colspan=2| ''syrthe'' (n.) = heart
! colspan=2| ''zdởniê'' (n.) = fact
! colspan=2| ''zdaùniê'' (n.) = fact
|-
|-
!
!
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|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''muġ''<br/>''list'' ||''muġowea, muġea''<br/>''listea''
|''muġ''<br/>''list'' ||''muġowea, muġea''<br/>''listea''
|''cơst''<br/>''nơth'' ||''cơsti''<br/>''nơthi''
|''caust''<br/>''nauth'' ||''causti''<br/>''nauthi''
|''zemea''  ||''zemi''
|''zemea''  ||''zemi''
|''syrthe'' ||''syrtha''
|''syrthe'' ||''syrtha''
|''zdởniê''  ||''zdởnia''
|''zdaùniê''  ||''zdaùnia''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''muġea''<br/>''listea''  ||''muġì''<br/>''listì''
|''muġea''<br/>''listea''  ||''muġì''<br/>''listì''
|''cơsti''<br/>''nơthi''  ||''cơstì''<br/>''nơthì''  
|''causti''<br/>''nauthi''  ||''caustì''<br/>''nauthì''  
|''zemi''  ||''zemì''
|''zemi''  ||''zemì''
|''syrtha'' || ''syrth''
|''syrtha'' || ''syrth''
|''zdởnia''  ||''zdơṅ''
|''zdaùnia''  ||''zdauṅ''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''muġi''<br/>''listi''  ||''muġim''<br/>''listim''
|''muġi''<br/>''listi''  ||''muġim''<br/>''listim''
|''cơsti''<br/>''nơthi''  ||''cơst'''u'''m''<br/>''nơth'''u'''m''  
|''causti''<br/>''nauthi''  ||''caust'''u'''m''<br/>''nauth'''u'''m''  
|''zemi''  ||''zemim''
|''zemi''  ||''zemim''
|''syrthi'' || ''syrthim''
|''syrthi'' || ''syrthim''
|''zdởnì''  ||''zdởnim''
|''zdaùnì''  ||''zdaùnim''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''muġ''<br/>''list'' ||''muġi''<br/>''listi''
|''muġ''<br/>''list'' ||''muġi''<br/>''listi''
|''cơst''<br/>''nơth'' ||''cơsti''<br/>''nơthi''
|''caust''<br/>''nauth'' ||''causti''<br/>''nauthi''
|''zemi''  ||''zemi''
|''zemi''  ||''zemi''
|''syrthe'' ||''syrtha''
|''syrthe'' ||''syrtha''
|''zdởniê''  ||''zdởnia''
|''zdaùniê''  ||''zdaùnia''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''muġi!''<br/>''listi!''  ||''muġea!''<br/>''listea!''
|''muġi!''<br/>''listi!''  ||''muġea!''<br/>''listea!''
|''cơsti!''<br/>''nơthi!''  ||''cơsti!''<br/>''nơthi!''  
|''causti!''<br/>''nauthi!''  ||''causti!''<br/>''nauthi!''  
|''zemie!''  ||''zemi!''
|''zemie!''  ||''zemi!''
|''syrthe!'' ||''syrtha!''
|''syrthe!'' ||''syrtha!''
|''zdởniê!''  ||''zdởnia!''
|''zdaùniê!''  ||''zdaùnia!''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''oco'' ||''ơċi''
|''oco'' ||''auċi''
|''ucho'' ||''uṡi''
|''ucho'' ||''uṡi''
|''runca''  ||''runthe''
|''runca''  ||''runthe''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''oca''  ||''ơċì''
|''oca''  ||''auċì''
|''ucha'' ||''uṡì''
|''ucha'' ||''uṡì''
|''runcy'' ||''runthì''
|''runcy'' ||''runthì''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''othe''  ||''ơċim''
|''othe''  ||''auċim''
|''uṡe'' ||''uṡim''
|''uṡe'' ||''uṡim''
|''runthe'' ||''runcum''
|''runthe'' ||''runcum''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''oco'' ||''ơċi''
|''oco'' ||''auċi''
|''ucho'' ||''uṡi''
|''ucho'' ||''uṡi''
|''runcu''  ||''runthe''
|''runcu''  ||''runthe''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''oco!''  ||''ơċi!''
|''oco!''  ||''auċi!''
|''ucho!'' ||''uṡi!''
|''ucho!'' ||''uṡi!''
|''runco!'' ||''runthe!''
|''runco!'' ||''runthe!''
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|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''ởteth'' (m.) = father
! colspan=2| ''aùteth'' (m.) = father
|-
|-
!
!
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ởteth'' ||''ởthy''
|''aùteth'' ||''aùthy''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''ởtha''  ||''ởthow''
|''aùtha''  ||''aùthow''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''ởthu''  ||''ởthum''
|''aùthu''  ||''aùthum''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''ởtha''  ||''ởthy''
|''aùtha''  ||''aùthy''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''ởċe!''  ||''ởthy!''
|''aùċe!''  ||''aùthy!''
|}
|}


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*More unusual declensions are normatively treated as having one of the regular native declensions. The plural of ''oethos'' is ''oethosy''; using forms such as ''oethy'' would be hypercorrect.
*More unusual declensions are normatively treated as having one of the regular native declensions. The plural of ''oethos'' is ''oethosy''; using forms such as ''oethy'' would be hypercorrect.


Newer foreign ''-u'' names decline like ''slowo'' and ''-i'' names decline like ''-e'' nouns (allowed by Albionian vowel reduction). Female names ending in a consonant decline like ''cơst'': ''Ester'' becomes ''Esteri'' in the non-nominative cases. Names that don't fit into native patterns are indeclinable, and simply add the definite article: the female name Hanako becomes ''ta Hanako''. The definite article declines when the name needs to be declined: ''ty walsy taì Hanako'' 'Hanako's hair'.
Newer foreign ''-u'' names decline like ''slowo'' and ''-i'' names decline like ''-e'' nouns (allowed by Albionian vowel reduction). Female names ending in a consonant decline like ''caust'': ''Ester'' becomes ''Esteri'' in the non-nominative cases. Names that don't fit into native patterns are indeclinable, and simply add the definite article: the female name Hanako becomes ''ta Hanako''. The definite article declines when the name needs to be declined: ''ty walsy taì Hanako'' 'Hanako's hair'.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
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Possession is indicated using the preposition ''u'', as in Russian: ''Les umne prìclad.'' 'I have an example.'
Possession is indicated using the preposition ''u'', as in Russian: ''Les umne prìclad.'' 'I have an example.'


Some things that look like prepositions are not: e.g. the ''se'' in fixed time expressions ''se den'', ''se jitro'', ''se weċer'', ''se nơth'' 'today, this morning, this evening, tonight' is actually a fossilized demonstrative from Proto-Slavic {{recon|sŭ}}.
Some things that look like prepositions are not: e.g. the ''se'' in fixed time expressions ''se den'', ''se jitro'', ''se weċer'', ''se nauth'' 'today, this morning, this evening, tonight' is actually a fossilized demonstrative from Proto-Slavic {{recon|sŭ}}.
====Preposition + pronoun combinations====
====Preposition + pronoun combinations====
If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the preposition + pronoun is written and pronounced as one word: ''Bunde weċerca u Catheriny, ċi poidem my cunì ċil ne?'' /pʊndɨ bɛtʃʰɪɾkʰə ʊ ˈkʰaθɨɾɪnɨ, tʃɪ ˈpɔɪdɨm mɨ ˈkʰʊnʲiː tʃɪw nɛ/ 'There's a party at Catherina's, are we going [to her house] or not?'. If a preposition combines with a personal pronoun, -e- may be added between the preposition and the pronoun: for example: ''nademnau, nadetau, podemnau, podetau, yzemnie, yzetwe, yzese, semnau, stau.''
If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the preposition + pronoun is written and pronounced as one word: ''Bunde weċerca u Catheriny, ċi poidem my cunì ċil ne?'' /pʊndɨ bɛtʃʰɪɾkʰə ʊ ˈkʰaθɨɾɪnɨ, tʃɪ ˈpɔɪdɨm mɨ ˈkʰʊnʲiː tʃɪw nɛ/ 'There's a party at Catherina's, are we going [to her house] or not?'. If a preposition combines with a personal pronoun, -e- may be added between the preposition and the pronoun: for example: ''nademnau, nadetau, podemnau, podetau, yzemnie, yzetwe, yzese, semnau, stau.''
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In colloquial language, only nouns denoting family members have possessive adjective forms.
In colloquial language, only nouns denoting family members have possessive adjective forms.


''ởteth'' 'father' > ''ởthow, -owa, -owo'' 'father's'
''aùteth'' 'father' > ''aùthow, -owa, -owo'' 'father's'


''matca'' 'mother' > ''matċin, -ina, -ino''
''matca'' 'mother' > ''matċin, -ina, -ino''


For example: ''ởthow lewr'' /œ:θoʊ lɛʊr/ 'father's book'
For example: ''aùthow lewr'' /œ:θoʊ lɛʊr/ 'father's book'


In formal language, inherited possessive adjectives are used to denote concepts named after people (like German ''-sche''); e.g. ''zcusitelnơst Bayesowa'' 'Bayesian probability'; ''functiä Wesselowa'' 'Bessel function'.
In formal language, inherited possessive adjectives are used to denote concepts named after people (like German ''-sche''); e.g. ''zcusitelnaust Bayesowa'' 'Bayesian probability'; ''functiä Wesselowa'' 'Bessel function'.


===Verbs (''Verba'')===
===Verbs (''Verba'')===
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====Negation====
====Negation====
Verbs are negated using the circumfix ''ne VERB als'' (etym. ''*ne ... wals'' 'not a hair of'), or colloquially, often just with ''VERB als''. (''als'' is pronounced /aws/) ''Als'' precedes the absolutive argument of a negated verb, as well as any absolutive argument of any lexical verb, UNLESS it is a subject personal pronoun for an intransitive verb (''Chơdil sty als tam nicdy?'' = 'Have you never been there?').
Verbs are negated using the circumfix ''ne VERB als'' (etym. ''*ne ... wals'' 'not a hair of'), or colloquially, often just with ''VERB als''. (''als'' is pronounced /aws/) ''Als'' precedes the absolutive argument of a negated verb, as well as any absolutive argument of any lexical verb, UNLESS it is a subject personal pronoun for an intransitive verb (''Chaudil sty als tam nicdy?'' = 'Have you never been there?').
*For intranstive verbs, especially ones that denote motion or a change of state, ''als'' precedes the subject (cf. German verbs that use the auxiliary ''sein'').
*For intranstive verbs, especially ones that denote motion or a change of state, ''als'' precedes the subject (cf. German verbs that use the auxiliary ''sein'').
*Otherwise, ''als'' precedes the direct object (cf. German verbs that use the auxiliary ''haben'').
*Otherwise, ''als'' precedes the direct object (cf. German verbs that use the auxiliary ''haben'').
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|-
|-
! verbnoun
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''dealơniê''
|colspan="7"| ''dealauniê''
|}
|}


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|}
|}
Changes in 1sg and 3pl present-system, participle and verbnoun forms: m p b n d t z s st > mj pj bj ṅ ð th ġ ṡ sċ
Changes in 1sg and 3pl present-system, participle and verbnoun forms: m p b n d t z s st > mj pj bj ṅ ð th ġ ṡ sċ
*''lơmiṫ'' "to break, to split (impf)" > ''lơmins, lơmieniê''
*''laumiṫ'' "to break, to split (impf)" > ''laumins, laumieniê''
*''tơpiṫ'' "to heat (impf)" > ''tơpins, tơpieniê''
*''taupiṫ'' "to heat (impf)" > ''taupins, taupieniê''
*''slabiṫ'' "to weaken (impf)" > ''slabins, slabieniê''
*''slabiṫ'' "to weaken (impf)" > ''slabins, slabieniê''
*''platiṫ'' "to pay (impf)" > ''plathins, platheniê''
*''platiṫ'' "to pay (impf)" > ''plathins, platheniê''
*''rơdiṫ-sê'' "to be born (pf)" > ''rơðins-sê, rơðeniê''
*''raudiṫ-sê'' "to be born (pf)" > ''rauðins-sê, rauðeniê''
*''zmeaniṫ'' "to change (pf)" > ''zmeanins, zmeanieniê''
*''zmeaniṫ'' "to change (pf)" > ''zmeanins, zmeanieniê''
*''rozcaziṫ'' "to decompose (pf)" > ''rozcaġins, rozcaġeniê''
*''rozcaziṫ'' "to decompose (pf)" > ''rozcaġins, rozcaġeniê''
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*''odpustiṫ'' "to forgive (pf)" > ''odpusċins, odpusċeniê''
*''odpustiṫ'' "to forgive (pf)" > ''odpusċins, odpusċeniê''


====-owaṫ, -nơnṫ====
====-owaṫ, -naunṫ====
The -owaṫ (the ending -owaṫ is pronounced /-oʊc/) verbs are from PSlav -ovati verbs, the perfective counterpart is -nơnṫ from -nǫti.
The -owaṫ (the ending -owaṫ is pronounced /-oʊc/) verbs are from PSlav -ovati verbs, the perfective counterpart is -naunṫ from -nǫti.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''beseadowaṫ'' 'gather (imperfective)' ''
|+ '''''beseadowaṫ'' 'gather (imperfective)' ''
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''beseadnơnṫ'' 'gather (perfective)' ''
|+ '''''beseadnaunṫ'' 'gather (perfective)' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
|-
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|}
|}


====''bỵṫ'' 'to be'====
====''baịṫ'' 'to be'====


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bỵṫ'' 'to be' ''
|+ '''''baịṫ'' 'to be' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''sens'' || ''sty'' || ''les on, os on, los on (colloq.) ġes on (relative), ċis on (interrogative)'' || ''smy'' || ''swy'' || ''len ṡi, ỏn ṡi, lỏn ṡi (colloq.) ġen ṡi (relative), ċin ṡi (interrogative), {{gray|lesun ṡi}}, {{gray|osun ṡi}}, {{gray|ġesun ṡi}}, {{gray|ċisun ṡi}}'' || ''les-sê''
| ''sens'' || ''sty'' || ''les on, os on, los on (colloq.) ġes on (relative), ċis on (interrogative)'' || ''smy'' || ''swy'' || ''len ṡi, òn ṡi, lòn ṡi (colloq.) ġen ṡi (relative), ċin ṡi (interrogative), {{gray|lesun ṡi}}, {{gray|osun ṡi}}, {{gray|ġesun ṡi}}, {{gray|ċisun ṡi}}'' || ''les-sê''
|-
|-
! habitual
! habitual
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====Verbs of motion====
====Verbs of motion====
*to go by foot: ìsṫ (uni); chơdiṫ (multi)
*to go by foot: ìsṫ (uni); chaudiṫ (multi)
*to go by vehicle: eachaṫ (uni); eazdiṫ (multi)
*to go by vehicle: eachaṫ (uni); eazdiṫ (multi)
*to carry (by foot): noesṫ (uni); nơsiṫ (multi)
*to carry (by foot): noesṫ (uni); nausiṫ (multi)
*to carry (by vehicle): woezṫ (uni); wơziṫ (multi)
*to carry (by vehicle): woezṫ (uni); wauziṫ (multi)
*to run: biêth (uni); biêgaṫ (multi)
*to run: biêth (uni); biêgaṫ (multi)
*to swim: plauṫ (uni); plewaṫ (multi)
*to swim: plauṫ (uni); plewaṫ (multi)
*to fly: leateaṫ (uni); liêtaṫ (multi)
*to fly: leateaṫ (uni); liêtaṫ (multi)
*to lead: woesṫ (uni); wơdiṫ (multi)
*to lead: woesṫ (uni); waudiṫ (multi)
*to climb: liêzṫ (uni); laziṫ (multi)
*to climb: liêzṫ (uni); laziṫ (multi)
*to chase: gnaṫ (uni); ganiaṫ (multi)
*to chase: gnaṫ (uni); ganiaṫ (multi)


===Pronouns (''Pronỏmina'')===
===Pronouns (''Pronòmina'')===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (Albion; familiar) || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. (familiar in Albion) || rowspan="2" | 3pl., 2 formal in Albion || rowspan="2" | refl.
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (Albion; familiar) || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. (familiar in Albion) || rowspan="2" | 3pl., 2 formal in Albion || rowspan="2" | refl.
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*''reaċì teo ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''reaċì teo ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''dôwodem teo ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''dôwodem teo ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''stởniêm teo, ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''staùniêm teo, ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''zato(ġ)'' 'that's why'
*''zato(ġ)'' 'that's why'
*''abo(wêṡ), boI(wêṡ), nebowêṡ'' = (''literary'') 'for'
*''abo(wêṡ), boI(wêṡ), nebowêṡ'' = (''literary'') 'for'
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''Niest lib mi...'' = I don't like...
''Niest lib mi...'' = I don't like...


'To hate' simply uses the regular verb ''nenởwideaṫ'' in formal language. In informal language the ''gnus mi'' construction is used.
'To hate' simply uses the regular verb ''nenaùwideaṫ'' in formal language. In informal language the ''gnus mi'' construction is used.


===Relative clauses===
===Relative clauses===
To form a relative clause, usually the relativizer ''cde'' (indeclinable) is used after the noun phrase. Formal or literary writing may use the relativizer ''tacaìġ'', which declines but is ''not'' a true relative pronoun; it agrees with the case of the head in the matrix clause (cf. Arabic ''allaðī''). ''Jeġ'' is only used archaically. In both cases, a resumptive pronoun is used when the head is not a subject or a direct object in the relative clause:
To form a relative clause, usually the relativizer ''cde'' (indeclinable) is used after the noun phrase. Formal or literary writing may use the relativizer ''tacaìġ'', which declines but is ''not'' a true relative pronoun; it agrees with the case of the head in the matrix clause (cf. Arabic ''allaðī''). ''Jeġ'' is only used archaically. In both cases, a resumptive pronoun is used when the head is not a subject or a direct object in the relative clause:


:'''''Byla ơwtha tacàġ ne byl unì als wolny'''''
:'''''Byla auwtha tacàġ ne byl unì als wolny'''''
:be.PST-3SG.F sheep-NOM.SG, REL.NOM.SG.F NEG be.PST.3SG.M by-(RES)3SG.F.GEN NEG wool-GEN.SG
:be.PST-3SG.F sheep-NOM.SG, REL.NOM.SG.F NEG be.PST.3SG.M by-(RES)3SG.F.GEN NEG wool-GEN.SG
:''There was a sheep which had no wool''
:''There was a sheep which had no wool''
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For Germanic words in our Slavic, Albionian uses Celtic or Latin words instead:
For Germanic words in our Slavic, Albionian uses Celtic or Latin words instead:
*''tet briêntin'' (PCeltic *brigant-) = king
*''tet briêntin'' (PCeltic *brigant-) = king
*''tet tơwsàc, ta tơwsàċca'' (*tovĭsakŭ, from PCeltic *towissākos) = prince (all senses)
*''tet tauwsàc, ta tauwsàċca'' (*tovĭsakŭ, from PCeltic *towissākos) = prince (all senses)
*''tet dryw'' = wren
*''tet dryw'' = wren


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Today some syntactic constructions and endings from Early Modern Netažin still survive in poetic or flowery Netažin, but the register as a whole sounds markedly religious and is thus not used even in modern fantasy or historical fiction.
Today some syntactic constructions and endings from Early Modern Netažin still survive in poetic or flowery Netažin, but the register as a whole sounds markedly religious and is thus not used even in modern fantasy or historical fiction.
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
*'''a&#795;''' was sometimes used for umlauted long ''à''. Today this sound is written ''ở'' and is pronounced /œ:/
*'''a&#795;''' was sometimes used for umlauted long ''à''. Today this sound is written ''aù'' and is pronounced /œ:/


===Accent===
===Accent===
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===Morphology===
===Morphology===
*Instrumental case (''instrumentởl'')
*Instrumental case (''instrumentaùl'')
*Pseudo-dual dative and instrumental endings in {{Gael|-ma}}: {{Gael|walsnaìma dweama aucima}} 'with one's own two eyes'  
*Pseudo-dual dative and instrumental endings in {{Gael|-ma}}: {{Gael|walsnaìma dweama aucima}} 'with one's own two eyes'  
*Some archaic forms such as {{Gael|ꞃeacl}} 'he said' for {{Gael|ꞃeal}}
*Some archaic forms such as {{Gael|ꞃeacl}} 'he said' for {{Gael|ꞃeal}}
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*3sg, 2pl and 3pl present and future perfective forms in ''-t'', ''-te'' and ''-nt'' (e.g. ''dealàt, dealàte, dealànt'', sometimes for more archaic effect ''dealaït, dealaïte, dealaïnt''); the 3pl form is always used with a plural subject.
*3sg, 2pl and 3pl present and future perfective forms in ''-t'', ''-te'' and ''-nt'' (e.g. ''dealàt, dealàte, dealànt'', sometimes for more archaic effect ''dealaït, dealaïte, dealaïnt''); the 3pl form is always used with a plural subject.
*''ne'' used without ''als''.
*''ne'' used without ''als''.
*''est'' and ''sunt'' are used for 3sg and 3pl present of ''bỵt'' (The modern forms ''les/os'' and ''len/lesun/ỏn/osun'' are from ''gleḋ/ot est'' 'here is' and ''gleḋ/ot sunt''.)
*''est'' and ''sunt'' are used for 3sg and 3pl present of ''baịt'' (The modern forms ''les/os'' and ''len/lesun/òn/osun'' are from ''gleḋ/ot est'' 'here is' and ''gleḋ/ot sunt''.)
*definite articles in genitive phrases: a genitive phrase of the form X DEF.GEN Y.GEN is implied to be definite (cf. Hebrew and Irish). On the other hand, Modern Albionian usually requires X to take the definite article as well.
*definite articles in genitive phrases: a genitive phrase of the form X DEF.GEN Y.GEN is implied to be definite (cf. Hebrew and Irish). On the other hand, Modern Albionian usually requires X to take the definite article as well.
*The use of ''-li'' on verbs for interrogatives: ''znạš-li?'' 'dost thou know? kennst du?' This still survives as a way to mark conditional clauses in modern formal language.
*The use of ''-li'' on verbs for interrogatives: ''znạš-li?'' 'dost thou know? kennst du?' This still survives as a way to mark conditional clauses in modern formal language.
IlL
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