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'''Albionian''' ({{gael|ta Alabenꞅċina}} or {{gael|ten Alabenscaì jiezyc}}) is a Slavic language spoken in Crackfic Irta Scotland. It has phonologically conservative features, such as the retention of the Proto-Balto-Slavic acute as stød, but is meant to be mutually intelligible with our Slavic languages, especially Czech and Slovak. It has as many Brythonic and Goidelic loanwords as Polish has German loanwords. It's notable for having vowel umlaut.
'''Albionian''' ({{gael|ta Alabenꞅcina}} or {{gael|ten Alabenscaì jiezyc}}) is a Slavic language spoken in Crackfic Irta Scotland. It has phonologically conservative features, such as the retention of the Proto-Balto-Slavic acute as stød, but is meant to be mutually intelligible with our Slavic languages, especially Czech and Slovak. It has as many Brythonic and Goidelic loanwords as Polish has German loanwords. It's notable for having vowel umlaut.


==Todo==
==Todo==
* insular ꞅ for /s/, s for /ʃ/? or should it be the other way round (because Irish ꞅ would often be /ʃ/)
* insular ꞅ for /s/, s for /ʃ/? or should it be the other way round (because Irish ꞅ would often be /ʃ/)
* -owat is sometimes -aliowat, which is the default when verbing new loans when not from Latin or Romance (-áil-ovatь, like Russian -ировать)
* -owat is sometimes -àliowat, which is the default when verbing new loans when not from Latin or Romance (-áil-ovatь, like Russian -ировать)
** ''skoraliowat'' 'to score', ''guglaliowat'' 'to google', etc. but ''produkowat'' 'to produce', ''synkretyzowat'' 'to syncretize', ''mnyþowat''/''pomnyþowat'' 'to thank'
** ''skoràliowat'' 'to score', ''guglàliowat'' 'to google', etc. but ''produkowat'' 'to produce', ''synkretyzowat'' 'to syncretize', ''mnaithowat''/''pomnaithowat'' 'to thank'
* Use the grave accent for long vowels like Gàidhlig (and a little bit of a Gàidhlig accent)
* Use the grave accent for long vowels like Gàidhlig (and a little bit of a Gàidhlig accent)
* Should be less head-initial than canon Bjeheond; should be a German~Icelandic relex?
* Should be less head-initial than canon Bjeheond; should be a German~Icelandic relex?
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Methavir nalaminyl mekerylide ester axoram:
Methavir nalaminyl mekerylide ester axoram:
*''Goworins o tej milösti al o tej nenöwisti.''
*''Goworins o tej milausti al o taì nenauwisti.''
*''Či charniš ty to dlamnie?''
*''Ci charniꞅ tai to dlamnie?''
*''Miluöm my jej, tož čtim my jeo prichod.''
*''Miluêm mai jej, tož čtim mai jeo prichod.''


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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**''w'' has many allophones:
**''w'' has many allophones:
*** [w] or [ʍ] when it follows a consonant, according as whether the consonant is aspirated or not: ''skweat'' [skwɛ:h] 'world', ''kweat'' [kʰʍɛ:h] 'flower'.  
*** [w] or [ʍ] when it follows a consonant, according as whether the consonant is aspirated or not: ''skweat'' [skwɛ:h] 'world', ''kweat'' [kʰʍɛ:h] 'flower'.  
*** [w] when not before a vowel: e.g. ''staw'' [staw] '(flowery) state, condition', ''o wṡich was'' [ɔwˈʃɪχʍas] 'about all of you'. However, between words it may still be dropped: ''o wṡich was'' [ɔˈʃɪχʍas].
*** [w] when not before a vowel: e.g. ''staw'' [staw] '(flowery) state, condition', ''o wꞅich was'' [ɔwˈʃɪχʍas] 'about all of you'. However, between words it may still be dropped: ''o wꞅich was'' [ɔˈʃɪχʍas].
*** [b] word-initially before a vowel and after /n/, thus merging with /b/: ''wečer'' [ˈbɛtʃʰɪɾ] 'evening'.
*** [b] word-initially before a vowel and after /n/, thus merging with /b/: ''wečer'' [ˈbɛtʃʰɪɾ] 'evening'.
*** When not after a vowel but before a consonant, it becomes [χʷ], [ʍ] or silent: ''wčera'' /χʷtʃɛrə~ʍtʃɛɾə~tʃɛɾə/ 'yesterday'.
*** When not after a vowel but before a consonant, it becomes [χʷ], [ʍ] or silent: ''wčera'' /χʷtʃɛrə~ʍtʃɛɾə~tʃɛɾə/ 'yesterday'.
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**#Unstressed ''go'' is pronounced /w/: ''jagoda'' 'berry' = [jawdə].
**#Unstressed ''go'' is pronounced /w/: ''jagoda'' 'berry' = [jawdə].
**#Before the past tense affix ''-l-'', it is silent: ''beagl'' [bjɛ:ɤ̃ʶ], ''beagla'' ['bjɛ:ɫə], ''beagli'' ['bjɛ:l'ɪ] 'he/she/they ran (ipfv)'.
**#Before the past tense affix ''-l-'', it is silent: ''beagl'' [bjɛ:ɤ̃ʶ], ''beagla'' ['bjɛ:ɫə], ''beagli'' ['bjɛ:l'ɪ] 'he/she/they ran (ipfv)'.
**#After back monophthongs, it is [w] and after front monophthongs, it is [j]. For example: ''rog'' [ɾɔw] 'horn; corner', ''beag'' [bjɛːj] 'running; race course', ''nogy'' [nɔwɪ] 'legs'.
**#After back monophthongs, it is [w] and after front monophthongs, it is [j]. For example: ''rog'' [ɾɔw] 'horn; corner', ''beag'' [bjɛːj] 'running; race course', ''nogai'' [nɔwɪ] 'legs'.
**#After ''a'' and diphthongs ''ie ů'':
**#After ''a'' and diphthongs ''ie ů'':
**#*If the ''g'' is not prevocalic or precedes /a ə a:/, it is silent and a preceding /a/ is lengthened to /a:/: ''sarchag'' /saɾəχə/ 'coffin'. In the case of ''ga'', the following schwa /ə/ is dropped as well: ''braga'' [pɾa:] 'yeast'.
**#*If the ''g'' is not prevocalic or precedes /a ə a:/, it is silent and a preceding /a/ is lengthened to /a:/: ''sarchag'' /saɾəχə/ 'coffin'. In the case of ''ga'', the following schwa /ə/ is dropped as well: ''braga'' [pɾa:] 'yeast'.
**#*If the ''g'' precedes a front unrounded vowel /ɛ ɪ/, it is pronounced /j/: ''bragy'' [pɾajɪ] 'yeast (gen. sg. or nom. pl.)'
**#*If the ''g'' precedes a front unrounded vowel /ɛ ɪ/, it is pronounced /j/: ''bragai'' [pɾajɪ] 'yeast (gen. sg. or nom. pl.)'
**#*If the ''g'' precedes a front rounded vowel /œ ʏ/, it is pronounced /β/: ''sarchagum'' [saɾəχəβʏm] 'coffins (dat. pl.)'
**#*If the ''g'' precedes a front rounded vowel /œ ʏ/, it is pronounced /β/: ''sarchagum'' [saɾəχəβʏm] 'coffins (dat. pl.)'
**#*If the ''g'' precedes a back vowel /ɔ ʊ/, it is pronounced /w/: ''brago'' [prawʊ] 'yeast (voc. sg.)'
**#*If the ''g'' precedes a back vowel /ɔ ʊ/, it is pronounced /w/: ''brago'' [prawʊ] 'yeast (voc. sg.)'
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Like our Slavic, Albionian has masculine, feminine and neuter genders, and has the same gender markers as our Slavic. Gender-neutral forms are sometimes created by concatenating masculine and feminine endings.
Like our Slavic, Albionian has masculine, feminine and neuter genders, and has the same gender markers as our Slavic. Gender-neutral forms are sometimes created by concatenating masculine and feminine endings.


Modern Standard Netažin nouns and adjectives have retained five of the seven Proto-Slavic cases: nominative, dative, genitive, allative from the PSlav accusative after prepositions, and vocative. (Dialects differ in the number of cases; some conservative dialects retain all 7 Proto-Slavic cases, while some dialects, particularly in the New World, have lost case entirely.) The nominative is used for both subjects and direct objects; the dative fills the role of dative nouns and after some prepositions in our Slavic languages. The instrumental (''instrumentaùl'') is semi-productive in forming adverbs and expressions, e.g. ''prawdü'' 'really'; ''beagem'' 'during'; ''wuzglyndem'' 'owing to, in view of'; ''pomöþi'' 'with, using'; ''ynejmi slowy'' 'in other words'.
Modern Standard Netažin nouns and adjectives have retained five of the seven Proto-Slavic cases: nominative, dative, genitive, allative from the PSlav accusative after prepositions, and vocative. (Dialects differ in the number of cases; some conservative dialects retain all 7 Proto-Slavic cases, while some dialects, particularly in the New World, have lost case entirely.) The nominative is used for both subjects and direct objects; the dative fills the role of dative nouns and after some prepositions in our Slavic languages. The instrumental (''instrumentaùl'') is semi-productive in forming adverbs and expressions, e.g. ''prawdü'' 'really'; ''beagom'' 'during'; ''wuzglaindom'' 'owing to, in view of'; ''pomöþi'' 'with, using'; ''inejmi slowai'' 'in other words'.


The instrumental has been replaced with the dative in the following way:
The instrumental has been replaced with the dative in the following way:
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|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''wylc'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=2| ''wailc'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=2| ''galwa'' (f.) = head<br/>''ġena'' (f.) = woman
! colspan=2| ''galwa'' (f.) = head<br/>''ġena'' (f.) = woman
! colspan=2| ''perdseada'' (m.) = chairman
! colspan=2| ''perdseada'' (m.) = chairman
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''wylc'' ||''wylthi''
|''wailc'' ||''wailthi''
|''galwa''<br/>''ġena'' ||''galwy''<br/>''ġeny''
|''galwa''<br/>''ġena'' ||''galwai''<br/>''ġenai''
|''perdseada''|| ''perdseadi''
|''perdseada''|| ''perdseadi''
|''slowo''  ||''slowa''
|''slowo''  ||''slowa''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''wylca''  ||''wylcow''
|''wailca''  ||''wailcow''
|''galwy''<br/>''ġeny'' ||''galw''<br/>''ġen''
|''galwai''<br/>''ġenai'' ||''galw''<br/>''ġen''
|''perdseady'' || ''perdseadow''
|''perdseadai'' || ''perdseadow''
|''slowa'' ||''slow''
|''slowa'' ||''slow''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''wylcu''  ||''wylcum''
|''wailcu''  ||''wailcum''
|''galwe''<br/>''ġenie'' ||''galwum''<br/>''ġenum''
|''galwe''<br/>''ġenie'' ||''galwum''<br/>''ġenum''
|''perdseadie'' ||''perdseadum''
|''perdseadie'' ||''perdseadum''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''wylc'' ||''wylcy''*
|''wailc'' ||''wailcai''*
|''galwu''<br/>''ġenu'' ||''galwy''<br/>''ġeny''
|''galwu''<br/>''ġenu'' ||''galwai''<br/>''ġenai''
|''perdseadu''|| ''perdseady''*
|''perdseadu''|| ''perdseadai''*
|''slowo''  ||''slowa''
|''slowo''  ||''slowa''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''wylċe!''  ||''wylcy!''
|''wailċe!''  ||''wailcai!''
|''galwo!''<br/>''ġeno!''||''galwy!''<br/>''ġeny!''
|''galwo!''<br/>''ġeno!''||''galwai!''<br/>''ġenai!''
|''perdseado!'' || ''perdseady!''
|''perdseado!'' || ''perdseadai!''
|''slowo!'' ||''slowa!''
|''slowo!'' ||''slowa!''
|}
|}
{{ast}} Sometimes ''-owea'' for humans.
{{ast}} Sometimes ''-owea'' for humans.


Some ''wylc'' nouns drop intervening ''e'' or ''y'' (from PS hard and soft yer respectively) when adding endings: ''pes'' 'dog' > gen. ''psa''; ''cauthec'' 'kitten' > gen. ''cauthca''.
Some ''wailc'' nouns drop intervening ''e'' or ''ai'' (from PS hard and soft yer respectively) when adding endings: ''pes'' 'dog' > gen. ''psa''; ''cauthec'' 'kitten' > gen. ''cauthca''.


In ''wylc'' nouns, -u is used for nouns ending in velars and ''-e'' for others.
In ''wailc'' nouns, -u is used for nouns ending in velars and ''-e'' for others.


The ending ''-e'' in the above declensions causes second palatalization: ''n ng t c d g ch'' become ''ṅ nn ṫ th ḋ ð s'', for example:
The ending ''-e'' in the above declensions causes second palatalization: ''n ng t c d g ch'' become ''ṅ nn ṫ th ḋ ð s'', for example:
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! colspan=2| ''caust'' (f.) = bone<br/>''nauth'' (f.) = night
! colspan=2| ''caust'' (f.) = bone<br/>''nauth'' (f.) = night
! colspan=2| ''zemea'' (f.) = earth
! colspan=2| ''zemea'' (f.) = earth
! colspan=2| ''syrthe'' (n.) = heart
! colspan=2| ''sairthe'' (n.) = heart
! colspan=2| ''zdaùniê'' (n.) = fact
! colspan=2| ''zdaùniê'' (n.) = fact
|-
|-
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|''caust''<br/>''nauth'' ||''causti''<br/>''nauthi''
|''caust''<br/>''nauth'' ||''causti''<br/>''nauthi''
|''zemea''  ||''zemi''
|''zemea''  ||''zemi''
|''syrthe'' ||''syrtha''
|''sairthe'' ||''sairtha''
|''zdaùniê''  ||''zdaùnia''
|''zdaùniê''  ||''zdaùnia''
|-
|-
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|''causti''<br/>''nauthi''  ||''caustì''<br/>''nauthì''  
|''causti''<br/>''nauthi''  ||''caustì''<br/>''nauthì''  
|''zemi''  ||''zemì''
|''zemi''  ||''zemì''
|''syrtha'' || ''syrth''
|''sairtha'' || ''sairth''
|''zdaùnia''  ||''zdauṅ''
|''zdaùnia''  ||''zdauṅ''
|-
|-
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|''causti''<br/>''nauthi''  ||''caust'''u'''m''<br/>''nauth'''u'''m''  
|''causti''<br/>''nauthi''  ||''caust'''u'''m''<br/>''nauth'''u'''m''  
|''zemi''  ||''zemim''
|''zemi''  ||''zemim''
|''syrthi'' || ''syrthim''
|''sairthi'' || ''sairthim''
|''zdaùnì''  ||''zdaùnim''
|''zdaùnì''  ||''zdaùnim''
|-
|-
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|''caust''<br/>''nauth'' ||''causti''<br/>''nauthi''
|''caust''<br/>''nauth'' ||''causti''<br/>''nauthi''
|''zemi''  ||''zemi''
|''zemi''  ||''zemi''
|''syrthe'' ||''syrtha''
|''sairthe'' ||''sairtha''
|''zdaùniê''  ||''zdaùnia''
|''zdaùniê''  ||''zdaùnia''
|-
|-
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|''causti!''<br/>''nauthi!''  ||''causti!''<br/>''nauthi!''  
|''causti!''<br/>''nauthi!''  ||''causti!''<br/>''nauthi!''  
|''zemie!''  ||''zemi!''
|''zemie!''  ||''zemi!''
|''syrthe!'' ||''syrtha!''
|''sairthe!'' ||''sairtha!''
|''zdaùniê!''  ||''zdaùnia!''
|''zdaùniê!''  ||''zdaùnia!''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''ymê'' (n.) = name
! colspan=2| ''imê'' (n.) = name
! colspan=2| ''zgwêrê'' (n.) = animal
! colspan=2| ''zgwêrê'' (n.) = animal
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ymê'' ||''ymena''
|''imê'' ||''imena''
|''zgwêrê'' ||''zgwêrenta''
|''zgwêrê'' ||''zgwêrenta''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''ymenia''  ||''ymen''
|''imenia''  ||''imen''
|''zgwêrentia'' ||''zgwêrent''
|''zgwêrentia'' ||''zgwêrent''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''ymeni''  ||''ymenum''
|''imeni''  ||''imenum''
|''zgwêrenti'' ||''zgwêrentum''
|''zgwêrenti'' ||''zgwêrentum''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''ymê'' ||''ymena''
|''imê'' ||''imena''
|''zgwêrê'' ||''zgwêrenta''
|''zgwêrê'' ||''zgwêrenta''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''ymê!''  ||''ymena!''
|''imê!''  ||''imena!''
|''zgwêrê!'' ||''zgwêrenta!''
|''zgwêrê!'' ||''zgwêrenta!''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''oco'' ||''auċi''
|''oco'' ||''auci''
|''ucho'' ||''uṡi''
|''ucho'' ||''uꞅi''
|''runca''  ||''runthe''
|''runca''  ||''runthe''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''oca''  ||''auċì''
|''oca''  ||''aucì''
|''ucha'' ||''uṡì''
|''ucha'' ||''uꞅì''
|''runcy'' ||''runthì''
|''runcy'' ||''runthì''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''othe''  ||''auċim''
|''othe''  ||''aucim''
|''uṡe'' ||''uṡim''
|''uꞅe'' ||''uꞅim''
|''runthe'' ||''runcum''
|''runthe'' ||''runcum''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|align="right"|'''Allative'''
|''oco'' ||''auċi''
|''oco'' ||''auci''
|''ucho'' ||''uṡi''
|''ucho'' ||''uꞅi''
|''runcu''  ||''runthe''
|''runcu''  ||''runthe''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''oco!''  ||''auċi!''
|''oco!''  ||''auci!''
|''ucho!'' ||''uṡi!''
|''ucho!'' ||''uꞅi!''
|''runco!'' ||''runthe!''
|''runco!'' ||''runthe!''
|}
|}
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*Second-declension nouns follow the ''wylc'' declension: for example, ''soċialismus'' 'socialism', ''maìthos'' 'myth', ''Mindaugas'' 'Mindaugas (Lithuanian name)'.
*Second-declension nouns follow the ''wylc'' declension: for example, ''soċialismus'' 'socialism', ''maìthos'' 'myth', ''Mindaugas'' 'Mindaugas (Lithuanian name)'.
*There is a tendency to keep nominative and oblique stems separate where the original languages do; this includes nouns such as ''thema, themata, thematu, thematu''.
*There is a tendency to keep nominative and oblique stems separate where the original languages do; this includes nouns such as ''thema, themata, thematu, thematu''.
*Second-declension words in ''-um'' or ''-on'' follow the ''slowo'' or ''syrthe'' declension: for example, ''practicum'' 'internship'; ''critoerion'' 'criterion'.
*Second-declension words in ''-um'' or ''-on'' follow the ''slowo'' or ''sairthe'' declension: for example, ''practicum'' 'internship'; ''critoerion'' 'criterion'.
*Nouns in ''-oe'' (for example, ''Athoenoe'' 'Athena') decline as feminine ''-e'' nouns; ''-ia'' nouns are a declension class of their own.
*Nouns in ''-oe'' (for example, ''Athoenoe'' 'Athena') decline as feminine ''-e'' nouns; ''-ia'' nouns are a declension class of their own.
*More unusual declensions are normatively treated as having one of the regular native declensions. The plural of ''oethos'' is ''oethosy''; using forms such as ''oethy'' would be hypercorrect.
*More unusual declensions are normatively treated as having one of the regular native declensions. The plural of ''oethos'' is ''oethosy''; using forms such as ''oethy'' would be hypercorrect.
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*conditional can be either
*conditional can be either


3pl forms of verbs are only used with the plural pronoun ''ṡi'' (''...nt wṡi'' 'they all...'). Plural nouns and demonstratives take the 3sg form.
3pl forms of verbs are only used with the plural pronoun ''ꞅi'' (''...nt wꞅi'' 'they all...'). Plural nouns and demonstratives take the 3sg form.


Special emphatic forms exist in the first person in formal language: ''senseṡ'' 'it's me'.
Special emphatic forms exist in the first person in formal language: ''senseꞅ'' 'it's me'.


====Negation====
====Negation====
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|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''dealàns'' || ''dealàṡ ty'' || ''dealà'' || ''dealàm my'' || ''dealàt wy'' || ''dealàn ṡi'' || ''dealà-sê''
| ''dealàns'' || ''dealàꞅ ty'' || ''dealà'' || ''dealàm my'' || ''dealàt wy'' || ''dealàn ꞅi'' || ''dealà-sê''
|-
|-
! present prog.
! present prog.
| ''sens dealànth'' || ''sty dealànth'' || ''les ton dealànth'' || ''smy dealànth'' || ''swy dealànth'' || ''len ṡi dealànth'' || ''dealàmo''
| ''sens dealànth'' || ''sty dealànth'' || ''les ton dealànth'' || ''smy dealànth'' || ''swy dealànth'' || ''len ꞅi dealànth'' || ''dealàmo''
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''dealalns, dealalans'' || ''dealal(a) sty'' || ''dealal on, ona; dealal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''dealai smy'' || ''dealai swy'' || ''dealai ṡi'' || ''dealalo-sê''
| ''dealalns, dealalans'' || ''dealal(a) sty'' || ''dealal on, ona; dealal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''dealai smy'' || ''dealai swy'' || ''dealai ꞅi'' || ''dealalo-sê''
|-
|-
! conditional
! conditional
| ''dealachas'' || ''dealach ty'' || ''dealach'' || ''dealachum my'' || ''dealach wy, dealachet wy, {{gray|dealast wy}}'' || ''dealach ṡi, {{gray|dealaṡin ṡi}}'' || ''dealach-sê''
| ''dealachas'' || ''dealach ty'' || ''dealach'' || ''dealachum my'' || ''dealach wy, dealachet wy, {{gray|dealast wy}}'' || ''dealach ꞅi, {{gray|dealaꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''dealach-sê''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
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|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''wiðuns'' || ''widiêṡ ty'' || ''widiê'' || ''widiêm my'' || ''widiêt wy'' || ''wiðôn ṡi'' || ''widiê-sê''
| ''wiðuns'' || ''widiêꞅ ty'' || ''widiê'' || ''widiêm my'' || ''widiêt wy'' || ''wiðôn ꞅi'' || ''widiê-sê''
|-
|-
! present prog.
! present prog.
| ''sens wiðônth'' || ''sty wiðônth'' || ''les ton wiðônth'' || ''smy wiðônth'' || ''swy wiðônth'' || ''len ṡi wiðônth'' || ''wiðemo''
| ''sens wiðônth'' || ''sty wiðônth'' || ''les ton wiðônth'' || ''smy wiðônth'' || ''swy wiðônth'' || ''len ꞅi wiðônth'' || ''wiðemo''
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''widealns, widealans'' || ''wideal(a) sty'' || ''wideal on(a/o); wideal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''wideai smy'' || ''wideai swy'' || ''wideai ṡi'' || ''widealo-sê''
| ''widealns, widealans'' || ''wideal(a) sty'' || ''wideal on(a/o); wideal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''wideai smy'' || ''wideai swy'' || ''wideai ꞅi'' || ''widealo-sê''
|-
|-
! conditional
! conditional
| ''wideachas'' || ''wideach ty'' || ''wideach'' || ''wideachum my'' || ''wideach wy, wideachet wy, {{gray|wideast wy}}'' || ''wideach ṡi, {{gray|wideaṡin ṡi}}'' || ''wideach-sê''
| ''wideachas'' || ''wideach ty'' || ''wideach'' || ''wideachum my'' || ''wideach wy, wideachet wy, {{gray|wideast wy}}'' || ''wideach ꞅi, {{gray|wideaꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''wideach-sê''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 824: Line 824:
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''noṡins'' || ''nosìṡ ty'' || ''nosì'' || ''nosìm my'' || ''nosìt wy'' || ''noṡên ṡi'' || ''nosì-sê''
| ''noꞅins'' || ''nosìꞅ ty'' || ''nosì'' || ''nosìm my'' || ''nosìt wy'' || ''noꞅên ꞅi'' || ''nosì-sê''
|-
|-
! present prog.
! present prog.
| ''sens noṡênth'' || ''sty noṡênth'' || ''les ton noṡênth'' || ''smy noṡênth'' || ''swy noṡênth'' || ''len ṡi noṡênth'' || ''noṡimo''
| ''sens noꞅênth'' || ''sty noꞅênth'' || ''les ton noꞅênth'' || ''smy noꞅênth'' || ''swy noꞅênth'' || ''len ꞅi noꞅênth'' || ''noꞅimo''
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''nosilns, nosilans'' || ''nosil(a) sty'' || ''nosil on(a/o); nosil(a/o) NOUN'' || ''nosii smy'' || ''nosii swy'' || ''nosii ṡi'' || ''nosilo-sê''
| ''nosilns, nosilans'' || ''nosil(a) sty'' || ''nosil on(a/o); nosil(a/o) NOUN'' || ''nosii smy'' || ''nosii swy'' || ''nosii ꞅi'' || ''nosilo-sê''
|-
|-
! conditional
! conditional
| ''nosichas'' || ''nosich ty'' || ''nosich'' || ''nosichum my'' || ''nosich wy, nosichet wy, {{gray|nosist wy}}'' || ''nosich ṡi, {{gray|nosiṡin ṡi}}'' || ''nosich-sê''
| ''nosichas'' || ''nosich ty'' || ''nosich'' || ''nosichum my'' || ''nosich wy, nosichet wy, {{gray|nosist wy}}'' || ''nosich ꞅi, {{gray|nosiꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''nosich-sê''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 841: Line 841:
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|noṡênthaì}}''
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|noꞅênthaì}}''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''noṡenaì''
|colspan="7"| ''noꞅenaì''
|-
|-
! verbnoun
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''noṡeniê''
|colspan="7"| ''noꞅeniê''
|}
|}
Changes in 1sg and 3pl present-system, participle and verbnoun forms: m p b n d t z s st > mj pj bj ṅ ð th ġ ṡ sċ
Changes in 1sg and 3pl present-system, participle and verbnoun forms: m p b n d t z s st > mj pj bj ṅ ð th ġ ꞅ sċ
*''laumiṫ'' "to break, to split (impf)" > ''laumins, laumieniê''
*''laumiṫ'' "to break, to split (impf)" > ''laumins, laumieniê''
*''taupiṫ'' "to heat (impf)" > ''taupins, taupieniê''
*''taupiṫ'' "to heat (impf)" > ''taupins, taupieniê''
Line 857: Line 857:
*''zmeaniṫ'' "to change (pf)" > ''zmeanins, zmeanieniê''
*''zmeaniṫ'' "to change (pf)" > ''zmeanins, zmeanieniê''
*''rozcaziṫ'' "to decompose (pf)" > ''rozcaġins, rozcaġeniê''
*''rozcaziṫ'' "to decompose (pf)" > ''rozcaġins, rozcaġeniê''
*''zcusiṫ'' "to try (pf)" > ''zcuṡins, zcuṡeniê''
*''zcusiṫ'' "to try (pf)" > ''zcuꞅins, zcuꞅeniê''
*''odpustiṫ'' "to forgive (pf)" > ''odpusċins, odpusċeniê''
*''odpustiṫ'' "to forgive (pf)" > ''odpusċins, odpusċeniê''


Line 867: Line 867:
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''beseaduêns'' || ''beseaduêṡ ty'' || ''beseaduê'' || ''beseaduêm my'' || ''beseaduêt wy'' || ''beseaduên ṡi'' || ''beseaduê-sê''
| ''beseaduêns'' || ''beseaduêꞅ ty'' || ''beseaduê'' || ''beseaduêm my'' || ''beseaduêt wy'' || ''beseaduên ꞅi'' || ''beseaduê-sê''
|-
|-
! present prog.
! present prog.
| ''sens beseaduênth'' || ''sty beseaduênth'' || ''les ton beseaduênth'' || ''smy beseaduênth'' || ''swy beseaduênth'' || ''len ṡi beseaduênth'' || ''beseaduêmo''
| ''sens beseaduênth'' || ''sty beseaduênth'' || ''les ton beseaduênth'' || ''smy beseaduênth'' || ''swy beseaduênth'' || ''len ꞅi beseaduênth'' || ''beseaduêmo''
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''beseadowalns, beseadowalans'' || ''beseadowal(a) sty'' || ''beseadowal on(a/o); beseadowal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''beseadowai smy'' || ''beseadowai swy'' || ''beseadowai ṡi'' || ''beseadowalo-sê''
| ''beseadowalns, beseadowalans'' || ''beseadowal(a) sty'' || ''beseadowal on(a/o); beseadowal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''beseadowai smy'' || ''beseadowai swy'' || ''beseadowai ꞅi'' || ''beseadowalo-sê''
|-
|-
! conditional
! conditional
| ''beseadochas'' || ''beseadoch ty'' || ''beseadoch'' || ''beseadochum my'' || ''beseadoch wy, beseadochet wy, {{gray|beseadost wy}}'' || ''beseadoch ṡi, {{gray|beseadoṡin ṡi}}'' || ''beseadoch-sê''
| ''beseadochas'' || ''beseadoch ty'' || ''beseadoch'' || ''beseadochum my'' || ''beseadoch wy, beseadochet wy, {{gray|beseadost wy}}'' || ''beseadoch ꞅi, {{gray|beseadoꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''beseadoch-sê''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 899: Line 899:
|-
|-
! future perfective
! future perfective
| ''beseadnuns'' || ''beseadneṡ ty'' || ''beseadne'' || ''beseadnem my'' || ''beseadnet wy'' || ''beseadnôn ṡi'' || ''beseadne-sê''
| ''beseadnuns'' || ''beseadneꞅ ty'' || ''beseadne'' || ''beseadnem my'' || ''beseadnet wy'' || ''beseadnôn ꞅi'' || ''beseadne-sê''
|-
|-
! present perf.
! present perf.
| ''sens beseadnunṡi'' || ''sty beseadnunṡi'' || ''les ton beseadnunṡi'' || ''smy beseadnunṡi'' || ''swy beseadnunṡi'' || ''len ṡi beseadnunṡi'' || ''beseadnunto''
| ''sens beseadnunꞅi'' || ''sty beseadnunꞅi'' || ''les ton beseadnunꞅi'' || ''smy beseadnunꞅi'' || ''swy beseadnunꞅi'' || ''len ꞅi beseadnunꞅi'' || ''beseadnunto''
|-
|-
! preterite
! preterite
| ''beseadnôlns, beseadnôlans'' || ''beseadnôl(a) sty'' || ''beseadnôl on(a/o), beseadnôl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''beseadnôi smy'' || ''beseadnôi swy'' || ''beseadnôi ṡi '' || ''beseadnôlo-sê''
| ''beseadnôlns, beseadnôlans'' || ''beseadnôl(a) sty'' || ''beseadnôl on(a/o), beseadnôl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''beseadnôi smy'' || ''beseadnôi swy'' || ''beseadnôi ꞅi '' || ''beseadnôlo-sê''
|-
|-
! preterite
! preterite
| ''beseadnuchas'' || ''beseadnuch ty'' || ''beseadnuch'' || ''beseadnuchum my'' || ''beseadnuch wy, beseadnuchet wy, {{gray|beseadnust wy}}'' || ''beseadnuch ṡi, {{gray|beseadnôṡin ṡi}}'' || ''beseadnuch-sê''
| ''beseadnuchas'' || ''beseadnuch ty'' || ''beseadnuch'' || ''beseadnuchum my'' || ''beseadnuch wy, beseadnuchet wy, {{gray|beseadnust wy}}'' || ''beseadnuch ꞅi, {{gray|beseadnôꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''beseadnuch-sê''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 928: Line 928:
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''prìmuns'' || ''prìmeṡ ty'' || ''prìme'' || ''prìmem my'' || ''prìmet wy'' || ''prìmôn'' || ''prìme-sê''
| ''prìmuns'' || ''prìmeꞅ ty'' || ''prìme'' || ''prìmem my'' || ''prìmet wy'' || ''prìmôn'' || ''prìme-sê''
|-
|-
! present perf.
! present perf.
| ''sens prìnṡi'' || ''sty prìnṡi'' || ''les ton prìnṡi'' || ''smy prìnṡi'' || ''swy prìnṡi'' || ''len ṡi prìnṡi'' || ''prìnto''
| ''sens prìnꞅi'' || ''sty prìnꞅi'' || ''les ton prìnꞅi'' || ''smy prìnꞅi'' || ''swy prìnꞅi'' || ''len ꞅi prìnꞅi'' || ''prìnto''
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''prijalns, prijalans'' (pronounced ''prìlns'') || ''prijal(a) sty'' || ''prijal on(a/o); prijal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''prijai smy'' || ''prijai swy'' || ''prijai ṡi'' || ''prijalo-sê''
| ''prijalns, prijalans'' (pronounced ''prìlns'') || ''prijal(a) sty'' || ''prijal on(a/o); prijal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''prijai smy'' || ''prijai swy'' || ''prijai ꞅi'' || ''prijalo-sê''
|-
|-
! conditional
! conditional
| ''prijachas'' || ''prijach ty'' || ''prijach'' || ''prijachum my'' || ''prijach wy, prijachet wy, {{gray|prijast wy}}'' || ''prijach ṡi, {{gray|prijaṡin ṡi}}'' || ''prijach-sê''
| ''prijachas'' || ''prijach ty'' || ''prijach'' || ''prijachum my'' || ''prijach wy, prijachet wy, {{gray|prijast wy}}'' || ''prijach ꞅi, {{gray|prijaꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''prijach-sê''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 945: Line 945:
|-
|-
! past active participle
! past active participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|prìnṡi}}''
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|prìnꞅi}}''
|-
|-
! past passive participle
! past passive participle
Line 957: Line 957:
''doert'' 'to tear'
''doert'' 'to tear'


present: ''druns, dreṡ ty, dre, drem my, dret wy, drôn''
present: ''druns, dreꞅ ty, dre, drem my, dret wy, drôn''


past: ''derl''
past: ''derl''
Line 971: Line 971:
''ċìst, preċìst'' 'to read' (from a combination of *ċisti and *ċitati):
''ċìst, preċìst'' 'to read' (from a combination of *ċisti and *ċitati):


present: ''ċituns, ċiteṡ ty, ċite ton, ċitem my, ċitet wy, ċitôn''
present: ''ċituns, ċiteꞅ ty, ċite ton, ċitem my, ċitet wy, ċitôn''


past: ''ċitl''
past: ''ċitl''
Line 983: Line 983:
''noest'' 'to carry (unidirectional)':  
''noest'' 'to carry (unidirectional)':  


present: nesuns, neseṡ ty, nese ton, nesem my, neset wy, nesôn ṡi
present: nesuns, neseꞅ ty, nese ton, nesem my, neset wy, nesôn ꞅi


past: ''nesl(a/o/i)''
past: ''nesl(a/o/i)''
Line 997: Line 997:
''iêsṫ, sêsṫ'' 'to eat' is irregular:  
''iêsṫ, sêsṫ'' 'to eat' is irregular:  


present: ''iêns, eaṡ ty, ea ton, eam my, eat wy, eaðôn''
present: ''iêns, eaꞅ ty, ea ton, eam my, eat wy, eaðôn''


past: ''eadl(a/o/i)''
past: ''eadl(a/o/i)''
Line 1,019: Line 1,019:
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''berguns'' || ''berġeṡ ty'' || ''berġe'' || ''berġem my'' || ''berġet wy'' || ''bergôn ṡi'' || ''berġe-sê''
| ''berguns'' || ''berġeꞅ ty'' || ''berġe'' || ''berġem my'' || ''berġet wy'' || ''bergôn ꞅi'' || ''berġe-sê''
|-
|-
! present prog.
! present prog.
| ''sens bergônth'' || ''sty bergônth'' || ''les ton bergônth'' || ''smy bergônth'' || ''swy bergônth'' || ''len ṡi bergônth'' || ''berġemo''
| ''sens bergônth'' || ''sty bergônth'' || ''les ton bergônth'' || ''smy bergônth'' || ''swy bergônth'' || ''len ꞅi bergônth'' || ''berġemo''
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''berglns, berglans'' || ''bergl(a) sty'' || ''bergl on(a/o), bergl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''bergli smy'' || ''bergli swy'' || ''bergli ṡi'' || ''berglo-sê''
| ''berglns, berglans'' || ''bergl(a) sty'' || ''bergl on(a/o), bergl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''bergli smy'' || ''bergli swy'' || ''bergli ꞅi'' || ''berglo-sê''
|-
|-
! conditional
! conditional
| ''bergochas'' || ''bergoch ty'' || ''bergoch on(a/o)'' || ''bergochum my'' || ''bergoch wy, bergochet wy, {{gray|bergost wy}}'' || ''bergoch ṡi, {{gray|bergoṡin ṡi}}'' || ''bergoch-sê''
| ''bergochas'' || ''bergoch ty'' || ''bergoch on(a/o)'' || ''bergochum my'' || ''bergoch wy, bergochet wy, {{gray|bergost wy}}'' || ''bergoch ꞅi, {{gray|bergoꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''bergoch-sê''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 1,051: Line 1,051:
|-
|-
! future perfective
! future perfective
| ''reacuns'' || ''reaċeṡ ty'' || ''reaċe'' || ''reaċem my'' || ''reaċet wy'' || ''reacôn ṡi'' || ''reaċe-sê''
| ''reacuns'' || ''reaċeꞅ ty'' || ''reaċe'' || ''reaċem my'' || ''reaċet wy'' || ''reacôn ꞅi'' || ''reaċe-sê''
|-
|-
! present perf.
! present perf.
| ''sens reacṡi'' || ''sty reacṡi'' || ''les ton reacṡi'' || ''smy reacṡi'' || ''swy reacṡi'' || ''len ṡi reacṡi'' || ''reaċeno''
| ''sens reacꞅi'' || ''sty reacꞅi'' || ''les ton reacꞅi'' || ''smy reacꞅi'' || ''swy reacꞅi'' || ''len ꞅi reacꞅi'' || ''reaċeno''
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''realns, realans'' || ''real(a) sty'' || ''real on(a/o), real(a/o) NOUN'' || ''reali smy'' || ''reali swy'' || ''reali ṡi'' || ''realo-sê''
| ''realns, realans'' || ''real(a) sty'' || ''real on(a/o), real(a/o) NOUN'' || ''reali smy'' || ''reali swy'' || ''reali ꞅi'' || ''realo-sê''
|-
|-
! conditional
! conditional
| ''reachas'' || ''reach ty'' || ''reach'' || ''reachum my'' || ''reach wy, reachet wy, {{gray|reacost wy}}'' || ''reach ṡi, {{gray|reacoṡin ṡi}}'' || ''reach-sê''
| ''reachas'' || ''reach ty'' || ''reach'' || ''reachum my'' || ''reach wy, reachet wy, {{gray|reacost wy}}'' || ''reach ꞅi, {{gray|reacoꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''reach-sê''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 1,081: Line 1,081:
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''sens'' || ''sty'' || ''les on, os on, los on (colloq.) ġes on (relative), ċis on (interrogative)'' || ''smy'' || ''swy'' || ''len ṡi, òn ṡi, lòn ṡi (colloq.) ġen ṡi (relative), ċin ṡi (interrogative), {{gray|lesun ṡi}}, {{gray|osun ṡi}}, {{gray|ġesun ṡi}}, {{gray|ċisun ṡi}}'' || ''les-sê''
| ''sens'' || ''sty'' || ''les on, os on, los on (colloq.) ġes on (relative), ċis on (interrogative)'' || ''smy'' || ''swy'' || ''len ꞅi, òn ꞅi, lòn ꞅi (colloq.) ġen ꞅi (relative), ċin ꞅi (interrogative), {{gray|lesun ꞅi}}, {{gray|osun ꞅi}}, {{gray|ġesun ꞅi}}, {{gray|ċisun ꞅi}}'' || ''les-sê''
|-
|-
! habitual
! habitual
| ''baìwàns'' || ''baìwàṡ ty'' || ''baìwà'' || ''baìwàm my'' || ''baìwàt wy'' || ''baìwàn ṡi'' || ''baìwà-sê''
| ''baìwàns'' || ''baìwàꞅ ty'' || ''baìwà'' || ''baìwàm my'' || ''baìwàt wy'' || ''baìwàn ꞅi'' || ''baìwà-sê''
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''bylns, bylans'' || ''byl(a) sty'' || ''byl on(a/o); byl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''byi smy'' || ''byi swy'' || ''byi ṡi'' || ''bylo-sê''
| ''bylns, bylans'' || ''byl(a) sty'' || ''byl on(a/o); byl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''byi smy'' || ''byi swy'' || ''byi ꞅi'' || ''bylo-sê''
|-
|-
! conditional
! conditional
| ''bychas'' || ''bych ty, byṡ ty'' || ''bych, by'' || ''bychum my'' || ''bych wy, bychet wy, {{gray|byst wy}}'' || ''bych ṡi, by ṡi, {{gray|byṡin ṡi}}'' || ''bych-sê''
| ''bychas'' || ''bych ty, byꞅ ty'' || ''bych, by'' || ''bychum my'' || ''bych wy, bychet wy, {{gray|byst wy}}'' || ''bych ꞅi, by ꞅi, {{gray|byꞅin ꞅi}}'' || ''bych-sê''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''bunduns'' || ''bundeṡ ty'' || ''bunde'' || ''bundem my'' || ''bundet wy'' || ''bundôn ṡi'' || ''bunde-sê''
| ''bunduns'' || ''bundeꞅ ty'' || ''bunde'' || ''bundem my'' || ''bundet wy'' || ''bundôn ꞅi'' || ''bunde-sê''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 1,126: Line 1,126:
|-
|-
! nom. (emphatic)
! nom. (emphatic)
| ''aseṡ, -seṡ'' || ''tyṡ'' || ''(t)onṡ'' || ''(t)onaṡ'' || ''(t)onoṡ (an.), toṡ (inan.)'' || ''myṡ'' || ''wyṡ'' || ''ṡiṡ'' || ''-''
| ''aseꞅ, -seꞅ'' || ''tyꞅ'' || ''(t)onꞅ'' || ''(t)onaꞅ'' || ''(t)onoꞅ (an.), toꞅ (inan.)'' || ''myꞅ'' || ''wyꞅ'' || ''ꞅiꞅ'' || ''-''
|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
Line 1,138: Line 1,138:
|-
|-
! poss.
! poss.
| ''môi'' || ''tôi'' || ''jeo'' || ''jì'' || ''teo'' || ''nàṡ'' || ''wàṡ'' || ''jich'' || ''sôi; walsnaì''
| ''môi'' || ''tôi'' || ''jeo'' || ''jì'' || ''teo'' || ''nàꞅ'' || ''wàꞅ'' || ''jich'' || ''sôi; walsnaì''
|}
|}
The nominative forms ''ton'' etc. are used after verb forms ending in a vowel. Otherwise ''on'' etc. are used.
The nominative forms ''ton'' etc. are used after verb forms ending in a vowel. Otherwise ''on'' etc. are used.


The form ''ṡi'' is from ''*vьśi'' 'all'. ''ṡi'' (same as the 3rd person plural) is also the standard polite pronoun in Albion. American Albionian uses ''wy'' for singular and plural familiar, ''wàsca'' for both singular and plural of neutral familiarity in the Americas, and ''tet pan, ta pani'' (pl. ''ty panowea, ty pani'') are very polite.
The form ''ꞅi'' is from ''*vьśi'' 'all'. ''ꞅi'' (same as the 3rd person plural) is also the standard polite pronoun in Albion. American Albionian uses ''wy'' for singular and plural familiar, ''wàsca'' for both singular and plural of neutral familiarity in the Americas, and ''tet pan, ta pani'' (pl. ''ty panowea, ty pani'') are very polite.
====Possessive pronouns====
====Possessive pronouns====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 1,191: Line 1,191:


{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''nàṡ'' 'our'
|+''nàꞅ'' 'our'
|-
|-
!
!
Line 1,200: Line 1,200:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''nàṡ'' || ''naṡa'' || ''naṡe'' || ''naṡi'' (m/f), ''naṡe'' (n)
|''nàꞅ'' || ''naꞅa'' || ''naꞅe'' || ''naꞅi'' (m/f), ''naꞅe'' (n)
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''naṡeo''  ||''naṡì'' || ''naṡeo'' || ''naṡich''
|''naꞅeo''  ||''naꞅì'' || ''naꞅeo'' || ''naꞅich''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''naṡem''  ||''naṡì''||''naṡem'' ||''naṡim''
|''naꞅem''  ||''naꞅì''||''naꞅem'' ||''naꞅim''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|align="right" |'''Allative'''
|''naṡeo'' || ''naṡi'' || ''naṡe'' || ''naṡi'' (m/f), ''naṡe'' (n)
|''naꞅeo'' || ''naꞅi'' || ''naꞅe'' || ''naꞅi'' (m/f), ''naꞅe'' (n)
|}
|}
''wàṡ'' is similar.
''wàꞅ'' is similar.


====Uses of ''sam''====
====Uses of ''sam''====
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The formal language also has (strictly anaphoric) demonstratives ''tet (NOUN) zde'' or (pronominal) ''tet sam'' which is most commonly used to disambiguate the referent, like similar usage of German ''dieser''.
The formal language also has (strictly anaphoric) demonstratives ''tet (NOUN) zde'' or (pronominal) ''tet sam'' which is most commonly used to disambiguate the referent, like similar usage of German ''dieser''.
*person: kto, tet/ta (NOUN) seam, tet/ta (NOUN) tam, nikt, neakto, wṡekt/každej
*person: kto, tet/ta (NOUN) seam, tet/ta (NOUN) tam, nikt, neakto, wꞅekt/každej
*thing: þo, to (NOUN) seam, to (NOUN) tam, niþ, nieþo, wšeþ
*thing: þo, to (NOUN) seam, to (NOUN) tam, niþ, nieþo, wšeþ
*modifier: akej/kterej, takej ... seam, takej ... tam, žaden (with negative; ''aden'' with negative in flowery language), neajakej, wṡestek/každej
*modifier: akej/kterej, takej ... seam, takej ... tam, žaden (with negative; ''aden'' with negative in flowery language), neajakej, wꞅestek/každej
*when: kdy, nyn, tom, nikdy, neakdy, wšewynþ
*when: kdy, nyn, tom, nikdy, neakdy, wšewynþ
*where: kde, seam/tundy/tunde, tam, nikde, neakde, wšekde
*where: kde, seam/tundy/tunde, tam, nikde, neakde, wšekde
*whither: kam, seam, tam, nikam, neakam, wṡekam
*whither: kam, seam, tam, nikam, neakam, wꞅekam
*whence: ''od'' + "where"-words
*whence: ''od'' + "where"-words


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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''wṡeo''  ||''wṡi'' || ''wṡeo'' || ''wṡech''
|''wꞅeo''  ||''wꞅi'' || ''wꞅeo'' || ''wꞅech''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''wṡem''  ||''wṡi''||''wṡem'' ||''wṡem''
|''wꞅem''  ||''wꞅi''||''wꞅem'' ||''wꞅem''
|}
|}


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===Conjunctions (''Conjunctii'')===
===Conjunctions (''Conjunctii'')===
*''y(l), a(l)'' = 'and'
*''i(l), a(l)'' = 'and'
**Though ''y'' and ''a'' had different meanings up to EMAlb, the choice between ''y'' and ''a'' is purely phonetically determined in the modern language. a(l) is used after /i: ɪ ɨ/, y(l) otherwise. The -l (from *li) is used iff a vowel follows.
**Though ''i'' and ''a'' had different meanings up to EMAlb, the choice between ''i'' and ''a'' is purely phonetically determined in the modern language. a(l) is used after /i: ɪ ɨ/, y(l) otherwise. The -l (from *li) is used iff a vowel follows.
*''ċi, libo, alibo'' = 'or'
*''ċi, libo, alibo'' = 'or'
**''àb'' = (literary) 'or'
**''àb'' = (literary) 'or'
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*''estli'' = 'if'
*''estli'' = 'if'
*''zaċ'' 'why?'
*''zaċ'' 'why?'
*''nebo(ṡ)'' = 'because'; can't be used at the beginning of the sentence
*''nebo(ꞅ)'' = 'because'; can't be used at the beginning of the sentence
*''tomże'' = because (can be used to start a sentence)
*''tomże'' = because (can be used to start a sentence)
*''reaċì teo ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''reaċì teo ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
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*''staùniêm teo, ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''staùniêm teo, ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''zato(ġ)'' 'that's why'
*''zato(ġ)'' 'that's why'
*''abo(wêṡ), boI(wêṡ), nebowêṡ'' = (''literary'') 'for'
*''abo(wêꞅ), boI(wêꞅ), nebowêꞅ'' = (''literary'') 'for'
*''aġ'' 'so that'
*''aġ'' 'so that'
*''achġ'' (''literary'') 'in order that'
*''achġ'' (''literary'') 'in order that'
IlL
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