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Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
Pronouns are similar to those in Scottish Gaelic. ''Iv'' is used as a polite 2nd person pronoun (the same way as Yiddish ''ir''; e.g. ''iv'' is used for speaking to a rabbi). ''Hu'' is used when speaking to nonhumans (including God). | |||
==== Morphology ==== | |||
Ăn Yidiș pronouns have three forms (not counting emphatic forms): | Ăn Yidiș pronouns have three forms (not counting emphatic forms): | ||
* subject/topic pronouns: מי הוֹ ע אי שנ׳י איב איעט ''mi hu e i șņi iv ied''; האר ''hăr'' 'impersonal pronoun' | * subject/topic pronouns: מי הוֹ ע אי שנ׳י איב איעט ''mi hu e i șņi iv ied''; האר ''hăr'' 'impersonal pronoun' | ||
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** '''''Șe''' ăm pșivrav tăģ ăm bală giņi.'' 'He's the chief rabbi of our town.' | ** '''''Șe''' ăm pșivrav tăģ ăm bală giņi.'' 'He's the chief rabbi of our town.' | ||
** '''''Șeșăn''' ăm pșivrav.'' = 'It's him who's the chief rabbi.' | ** '''''Șeșăn''' ăm pșivrav.'' = 'It's him who's the chief rabbi.' | ||
* prefixed pronouns: מא-, טא-, א-, א(ה)-, אָר(ן)-, בֿאר(ן)-, א(ן)- ''mă°, dă°, ă°, ă(h)-, or(n)-, văr(n)-, ă(n)-'' inalienable possession | * prefixed pronouns: מא-, טא-, א-, א-(ה)-, אָר(ן)-, בֿאר(ן)-, א(ן)- ''mă°, dă°, ă°, ă-(h)-, or(n)-, văr(n)-, ă(n)-'' inalienable possession | ||
* Direct object pronouns are also prefixed (they were historically possessive pronouns, like inalienable pronouns), but they fuse with the words ''ă(g)'', ''ņey'' and the infinitive marker ''ă'': | * Direct object pronouns are also prefixed (they were historically possessive pronouns, like inalienable pronouns), but they fuse with the words ''ă(g)'', ''ņey'' and the infinitive marker ''ă'': | ||
** ''ă(g)'' 'imperfective marker' suppletes: ''năm°, năd°, n(ă)°, nă-h-, năr(n), nur(n), năn/năm/năņ'' | ** ''ă(g)'' 'imperfective marker' suppletes: ''năm°, năd°, n(ă)°, nă-h-, năr(n), nur(n), năn/năm/năņ'' | ||
*** Forms with emphatic object pronouns: usually ''năm-ghărtăch mișă, năd-ghărtăch thusă, nă-ghărtăch eșăn, nă-gărtăch ișă, năr-gărtăch șņin, nur-gărtăch ivșă, năn-gărtăch iedsăn'' 'injuring me, ...'. The emphatic pronouns tend to immediately follow the verbal noun, unlike independent direct object pronouns in Irish and Scottish Gaelic which come at the end of a clause. | *** Forms with emphatic object pronouns: usually ''năm-ghărtăch mișă, năd-ghărtăch thusă, nă-ghărtăch eșăn, nă-gărtăch ișă, năr-gărtăch șņin, nur-gărtăch ivșă, năn-gărtăch iedsăn'' 'injuring me, ...'. The emphatic pronouns tend to immediately follow the verbal noun, unlike independent direct object pronouns in Irish and Scottish Gaelic which come at the end of a clause. | ||
*** Poetic emphatic forms: ''năm-ghărtăch-să, năd-ghărtăch-să, nă-ghărtăch-șăn, nă-gărtăch-șă, năr-gărtăch-ņín, nur-gărtăch-șă, năn-gărtăch-săn'' | *** Poetic emphatic forms: ''năm-ghărtăch-să, năd-ghărtăch-să, nă-ghărtăch-șăn, nă-gărtăch-șă, năr-gărtăch-ņín, nur-gărtăch-șă, năn-gărtăch-săn'' | ||
** ''ņey'' 'perfect marker' also suppletes: ''ărăm°, ărăd°, | ** ''ņey'' 'perfect marker' also suppletes: ''ărăm°, ărăd°, ăr°, ăr h-, ărnăr(n), ărmur(n), ărnăn/ărnăm/ărnăņ'' | ||
** ''ă°'' 'infinitive marker': ''ăm°, ăd°, o°, o h-, or(n), ăvăr(n), on/om/oņ'' | ** ''ă°'' 'infinitive marker': ''ăm°, ăd°, o°, o-h-, or(n), ăvăr(n), on/om/oņ'' | ||
** ''To șņi năn ith băméșăch ăm Purim.'' 'We eat them during Purim.' (etym. "we are in their eating") | ** ''To șņi năn ith băméșăch ăm Purim.'' 'We eat them during Purim.' (etym. "we are in their eating") | ||
* suffixed pronouns, on prepositions | * suffixed pronouns, on prepositions | ||
'' | Examples: | ||
* năm-ith 'eating me' / năm-chur 'putting me', năd-ith / năd-chur, n-ith / nă-chur, nă-h-ith / nă-cur, nărn-ith / năr-cur, nurn-ith / nur-cur, năn-ith / năn-cur | |||
* ărăm-ith 'has eaten me' / ărăm-chur 'has put me', ărăd-ith / ărăd-chur, ăr-ith / ăr-chur, ăr-h-ith / ăr-cur, ărnărn-ith / ărnăr-cur, ărmurn-ith / ărmur-cur, ărnăn-ith / ărnăn-cur | |||
* ăm-ith 'to eat me' / ăm-chur 'to put me', ăd-ith / ăd-chur, o-ith / o-chur, o-h-ith / o-cur, orn-ith / or-cur, ăvărn-ith / ăvǎr-cur, on-ith / on-cur | |||
All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)usă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șņeyn/șņin (from *sinne fhéin), (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tusă!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוֹסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tusă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' | All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)usă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șņeyn/șņin (from *sinne fhéin), (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms and are always used when stressing a pronoun is required. These are used to address someone: ''Tusă!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוֹסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tusă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' | ||
Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă -ín -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c̦ișă, giņín, givșă, cusăn''. In poetry, ''°NOUN-șăn'', ''(h-)NOUN-șă'', ''NOUN-săn'' may be used for 'his, her, their' (with or without a preceding ''ă'' sg. or ''ăn/ăm/ăņ'' pl.). | Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă -ín -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c̦ișă, giņín, givșă, cusăn''. In poetry, ''°NOUN-șăn'', ''(h-)NOUN-șă'', ''NOUN-săn'' may be used for 'his, her, their' (with or without a preceding ''ă'' sg. or ''ăn/ăm/ăņ'' pl.). | ||
Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מישא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין תּעק׳ ''ăn giyăm feyn teģ'' 'his very existence'). | Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מישא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין תּעק׳ ''ăn giyăm feyn teģ'' 'his very existence'). When a pronoun is emphasized with ''feyn'' it is required to be in the emphatic form. | ||
==== Possessive pronouns ==== | ==== Possessive pronouns ==== | ||
For possession, the ''ă lyor tam'' construction is standard for most nouns except family members and body parts where possessive prefixes are used (cf. Modern Hebrew also usually uses הספר שלי ''ha-sefer šeli'' instead of ספרי ''sifri''). Nouns that take possessive prefixes cannot take a definite article and must take a possessive prefix when definite. In addition, ־אַר ''-ar'' 'father' and ־מאָר ''-mor'' 'mother' cannot occur as indefinite nouns and obligatorily take possessive prefix forms. | For possession, the ''ă lyor tam'' construction is standard for most nouns except family members and body parts where possessive prefixes are used (cf. Modern Hebrew also usually uses הספר שלי ''ha-sefer šeli'' instead of ספרי ''sifri''). Nouns that take possessive prefixes cannot take a definite article and must take a possessive prefix when definite. In addition, ־אַר ''-ar'' 'father' and ־מאָר ''-mor'' 'mother' cannot occur as indefinite nouns and obligatorily take possessive prefix forms. | ||