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Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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** ''ņey'' 'perfect marker' also suppletes: ''ărăm°, ărăd°, ăr°, ăr h-, ărnăr(n), ărmur(n), ărnăn/ărnăm/ărnăņ'' | ** ''ņey'' 'perfect marker' also suppletes: ''ărăm°, ărăd°, ăr°, ăr h-, ărnăr(n), ărmur(n), ărnăn/ărnăm/ărnăņ'' | ||
** ''ă°'' 'infinitive marker': ''ăm°, ăd°, o°, o-h-, or(n), ăvăr(n), on/om/oņ'' | ** ''ă°'' 'infinitive marker': ''ăm°, ăd°, o°, o-h-, or(n), ăvăr(n), on/om/oņ'' | ||
** ''To șņi năn | ** ''To șņi năn ih băméșăch ăm Purim.'' 'We eat them during Purim.' (etym. "we are in their eating") | ||
* suffixed pronouns, on prepositions | * suffixed pronouns, on prepositions | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
* năm- | * năm-ih 'eating me' / năm-chur 'putting me', năd-ih / năd-chur, n-ih / nă-chur, nă-h-ih / nă-cur, nărn-ih / năr-cur, nurn-ih / nur-cur, năn-ih / năn-cur | ||
* ărăm- | * ărăm-ih 'has eaten me' / ărăm-chur 'has put me', ărăd-ih / ărăd-chur, ăr-ih / ăr-chur, ăr-h-ih / ăr-cur, ărnărn-ih / ărnăr-cur, ărmurn-ih / ărmur-cur, ărnăn-ih / ărnăn-cur | ||
* ăm- | * ăm-ih 'to eat me' / ăm-chur 'to put me', ăd-ih / ăd-chur, o-ih / o-chur, o-h-ih / o-cur, orn-ih / or-cur, ăvărn-ih / ăvǎr-cur, on-ih / on-cur | ||
All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)usă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șņeyn/șņin (from *sinne fhéin), (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms and are always used when stressing a pronoun is required. These are used to address someone: ''Tusă!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוֹסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tusă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' | All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)usă, (ș)eșăn, (ș)ișă, șņeyn/șņin (from *sinne fhéin), (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms and are always used when stressing a pronoun is required. These are used to address someone: ''Tusă!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוֹסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tusă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?' | ||
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Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מישא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין תּעק׳ ''ăn giyăm feyn teģ'' 'his very existence'). When a pronoun is emphasized with ''feyn'' it is required to be in the emphatic form. | Another common way to emphasize a pronoun is to use ''feyn'' after it (e.g. מישא ףעין ''mișă feyn'' 'I myself', אן קיום ףעין תּעק׳ ''ăn giyăm feyn teģ'' 'his very existence'). When a pronoun is emphasized with ''feyn'' it is required to be in the emphatic form. | ||
==== Possessive pronouns ==== | ==== Possessive pronouns ==== | ||
For possession, the ''ă lyor tam'' construction is standard for most nouns except family members and body parts where possessive prefixes are used (cf. Modern Hebrew also usually uses הספר שלי ''ha-sefer šeli'' instead of ספרי ''sifri''). Nouns that take possessive prefixes cannot take a definite article and must take a possessive prefix when definite. In addition, ־אַר ''-ar'' 'father' and ־מאָר ''-mor'' 'mother' cannot occur as indefinite nouns and obligatorily take possessive prefix forms. | For possession, the ''ă lyor tam'' construction is standard for most nouns except family members and body parts where possessive prefixes are used (cf. Modern Hebrew also usually uses הספר שלי ''ha-sefer šeli'' instead of ספרי ''sifri''). Nouns that take possessive prefixes cannot take a definite article and must take a possessive prefix when definite. In addition, ־אַר ''-ar'' 'father' and ־מאָר ''-mor'' 'mother' cannot occur as indefinite nouns and obligatorily take possessive prefix forms. | ||