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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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A substantial part of nouns in Dundulanyä is derived from verbal roots, and these may have ablaut patterns throughout their declension as in the examples above, or the derivational suffix may require the root to be in a certain ablaut grade (which is then a fixed stem throughout the declension). However, as a general rule, the majority of nouns relating to flora, fauna, and many elements of the natural world are not formed from verbal roots and do not show ablaut. | A substantial part of nouns in Dundulanyä is derived from verbal roots, and these may have ablaut patterns throughout their declension as in the examples above, or the derivational suffix may require the root to be in a certain ablaut grade (which is then a fixed stem throughout the declension). However, as a general rule, the majority of nouns relating to flora, fauna, and many elements of the natural world are not formed from verbal roots and do not show ablaut. | ||
Dundulanyä roots belong to one out of ten classes (nine ablaut classes or non-ablauting): | |||
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" | | |||
|- | |||
! Class !! Zero grade !! Middle grade !! Higher grade | |||
|- | |||
! 0 | |||
| colspan=3 | no ablaut | |||
|- | |||
! I | |||
| ∅ || a || ā | |||
|- | |||
! II | |||
| i<br/>ī <small>(CV- roots)</small> || e || ai | |||
|- | |||
! III | |||
| u<br/>ū <small>(CV- roots</small> || o || au | |||
|- | |||
! IV | |||
| ṛ || ar || ār | |||
|- | |||
! V | |||
| i || ä || ē | |||
|- | |||
! VI | |||
| i || ī || ei | |||
|- | |||
! VII | |||
| ya || i || ī | |||
|- | |||
! VIII | |||
| va || u || ū | |||
|- | |||
! IX | |||
| ra || ṛ || ṝ | |||
|} | |||
The majority of roots belongs to either the 0 class, or to classes II to IV. Other classes are much rarer, with VI and especially IX being the least common overall. Many class I roots have a sonorant such as '''l''', '''m''' or '''n''' (rarely other nasals), continuing formations parallel to class IV in reconstructed Pre-Dundulanyä. | |||
Some class VII and VIII roots may have consonant changes caused by saṃdhi; furthermore, there are a few irregular class II and III roots which have a long vowel in the zero grade form even if they are not of CV shape; see e.g. ''lobh-'' "to write" with the long zero grade ''lūbh-''. Class III roots with the ''-vo-'' sequence in the middle grade (citation form) reduce it to ''-ū-'' in any case in the zero grade, as in ''tvorg-'' "to fear" with the zero grade ''tūrg-''. | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||