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Sharqi: Difference between revisions
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→Stem 1
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====Stem 1==== | ====Stem 1==== | ||
Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect. | Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect. | ||
*''F-C-L'' is used as the generic verb (with ''qadal'' "kill" as the example verb). | *''F-C-L'' is used as the generic verb stem (with ''qadal'' "kill" as the example verb). | ||
**''F'': first root consonant | **''F'': first root consonant | ||
**''C'': second root consonant (for geminated or quadriliteral verbs, this represents the middle two consonants) | **''C'': second root consonant (for geminated or quadriliteral verbs, this represents the middle two consonants) | ||
**''L'': third root consonant | **''L'': third root consonant | ||
**(''vowel''): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics. Sometimes unpredictable. | **(''vowel''): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics. Sometimes unpredictable. | ||
*Before a suffix beginning in a vowel, the ''a'' in ''-aL'' in the perfect and imperfect is dropped (if applicable and allowed). This is represented with square brackets (i.e. ''[a]''). | <!-- | ||
*The ''(a/i)'' after ''F'' is dropped if possible, even if phonotactics require the ''F'' to be changed - e.g. ''katab'' "he wrote", ''ay tigtib'' "do not write". On the other hand, the ''(a/i)'' or ''[a]'' after ''C'' is generally dropped only if that will lead to no consonant changes - e.g. '' | *Before a suffix beginning in a vowel, the ''a'' in ''-aL'' in the perfect and imperfect is dropped (if applicable and allowed). This is represented with square brackets (i.e. ''[a]''). --> | ||
*The ''(a/i)'' after ''F'' is dropped if possible, even if phonotactics require the ''F'' to be changed - e.g. ''katab'' "he wrote", ''ay tigtib'' "do not write". On the other hand, the ''(a/i)'' or ''[a]'' after ''C'' is generally dropped only if that will lead to no consonant changes - e.g. ''yikatabúun'' "they write" (not ''*yikadbúun''). | |||
<!-- | |||
:e.g. ''sabar'' "he broke" + ''-ag'' "you (object)" → ''sabrag'' "he broke you" (not *''sabarag'') | :e.g. ''sabar'' "he broke" + ''-ag'' "you (object)" → ''sabrag'' "he broke you" (not *''sabarag'') | ||
::BUT ''baddal'' "he changed" + ''-ag'' → ''baddalag'' "he changed you" (*''baddlag'' violates phonotactics). | ::BUT ''baddal'' "he changed" + ''-ag'' → ''baddalag'' "he changed you" (*''baddlag'' violates phonotactics). | ||
--> | |||
*If the vowel in the bracket has an acute accent, that means it takes the accent if it is present, otherwise the preceding vowel (indicated with a grave accent) takes the accent. | |||
*Some verbs have ''aa'' after the first root consonant instead of ''a'' - e.g. ''baarag'' "bless". In this case, it is never dropped. Any high tones that would apply to ''a'' are applied to the second ''a'' of ''aa'' (i.e. ''aá''). | *Some verbs have ''aa'' after the first root consonant instead of ''a'' - e.g. ''baarag'' "bless". In this case, it is never dropped. Any high tones that would apply to ''a'' are applied to the second ''a'' of ''aa'' (i.e. ''aá''). | ||
*The infinitive takes the form ''FáCL(i)'' if the cluster ''CL'' is not forbidden (with the ''-i'' inserted if ''C'' is not ''y'' or ''w''). If it is forbidden, the infinitive takes the form ''FáCaL''. | *The infinitive takes the form ''FáCL(i)'' if the cluster ''CL'' is not forbidden (with the ''-i'' inserted if ''C'' is not ''y'' or ''w''). If it is forbidden, the infinitive takes the form ''FáCaL''. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|+ Stem 1 | |+ Stem 1 | ||
! colspan="5" | Infinitive (''m.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FáC(a)L(i)'''''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qádli''</span></center> | ! colspan="5" | Infinitive (''m.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FáC(a)L(i)'''''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qádli''</span></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''''' | ! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''màF(á)CaL/FaCLíd''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''máqdal/qadlíd''</span></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="5" | Agent (''m.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FaCaáli''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qadaáli''</span></center> | ! colspan="5" | Agent (''m.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FaCaáli''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qadaáli''</span></center> | ||
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! colspan="5" | Agent (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FaCaalíd''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qadaalíd''</span></center> | ! colspan="5" | Agent (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FaCaalíd''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qadaalíd''</span></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! colspan="2" | Imperfect !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Perfect !! colspan="2" | | ! !! colspan="2" | Imperfect !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Perfect affirm. !! colspan="2" | Perfect neg. !! colspan="2" | Imperative !! colspan="2" | Jussive | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1S | |||
| '''''iFaCaL''''' || ''iqadal''|| '''''iF(i)CiL''''' || ''iqdil''|| '''''FaC(a)Lay''''' || ''qadlay''|| rowspan="7"|'''''FaC(a)Lan''''' || rowspan="7"|''qadlan''||'''''ìF(á)CaL''''' || ''íqdal'' || '''''ìF(á)CaL''''' || ''íqdal'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!2S | |||
| '''''tiFaCaL''''' || ''tiqadal''|| '''''tiF(i)CiL''''' || ''tiqdil''|| '''''FaC(a)Lag''''' || ''qadlag''||'''''FíCaL''''' || ''qídal'' || '''''tìF(á)CaL''''' || ''tíqdal'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!3SM | |||
| '''''yiFaCaL''''' || ''yiqadal''|| '''''yiF(i)CiL''''' || ''yiqdil''|| '''''FaC(a)Law''''' || ''qadlaw''||'''''yìF(á)CaL''''' || ''yíqdal'' || '''''yìF(á)CaL''''' || ''yíqdal'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!3SF | |||
| '''''tiFaCaL''''' || ''tiqadal''|| '''''tiF(i)CiL''''' || ''tiqdil''|| '''''FaC(a)Lad''''' || ''qadlad''||'''''tìF(á)CaL''''' || ''tíqdal'' || '''''tìF(á)CaL''''' || ''tíqdal'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!1P | |||
| '''''niFaCaL''''' || ''niqadal''|| '''''niF(i)CiL''''' || ''niqdil''|| '''''FaC(a)Lan''''' || ''qadlan''||'''''nìF(á)CaL''''' || ''níqdal'' || '''''nìF(á)CaL''''' || ''níqdal'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!2P | |||
| '''''tiFaC(a)Lúun''''' || ''tiqadlúun''|| '''''tiF(i)CiLúun''''' || ''tiqdilúun''|| '''''FaC(a)Lagúun''''' || ''qadlagúun''||'''''FìC(á)Lo''''' || ''qídlo'' || '''''tiF(a)CaLúun''''' || ''tiqdalúun'' | |||
|- | |||
!3P | |||
| '''''yiFaC(a)Lúun''''' || ''yiqadlúun''|| '''''yiF(i)CiLúun''''' || ''yiqdilúun''|| '''''FaC(a)Lóon''''' ||''qadlóon''||'''''yiF(a)CaLúun''''' ||''yiqdalúun'' || '''''yiF(a)CaLúun''''' || ''yiqdalúun'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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*Formed with ''as-''. | *Formed with ''as-''. | ||
---> | ---> | ||
====Tenses==== | ====Tenses==== | ||
=====Simple tenses===== | =====Simple tenses===== | ||