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There are various modifications depending on the root consonants: | There are various modifications depending on the root consonants: | ||
*If ''F'' is:- | *If ''F'' is:- | ||
**w: ''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''uw'' becoming ''uu'' before a consonant - e.g. '' | **w: | ||
**y: ''iy'' becomes ''ii'' before a consonant - e.g. ''al | ***''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''uw'' becoming ''uu'' before a consonant - e.g. ''al yuudid'' "he does not love" (from ''*yiwdid''). | ||
***The sequence ''uwa'' is further simplified to ''oo'' - e.g. ''yoodad'' "he loves" (from ''*yuwadad'' < ''*yiwadad''). | |||
**y: | |||
***''iy'' becomes ''ii'' before a consonant - e.g. ''al tiibis'' "she/it does not dry" (from ''*tiybis''). | |||
***The sequence ''iya'' is simplified to ''ee'' - e.g. ''teebas'' "she/it dries" (from ''*tiyabas''). | |||
**Ø: preceding ''i'' becomes ''a'' in the imperfect and lengthened in the subjunctive/jussive - e.g. ''yaahal'' "it is enough" (from ''*yiØahal''), ''ay yiíhal'' "let it not be enough" (from *''yíØhal''). | **Ø: preceding ''i'' becomes ''a'' in the imperfect and lengthened in the subjunctive/jussive - e.g. ''yaahal'' "it is enough" (from ''*yiØahal''), ''ay yiíhal'' "let it not be enough" (from *''yíØhal''). | ||
**A guttural letter (''G'': ', h, c, x): when intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel - e.g. ''yaxamal'' "he carries" (from ''*yixamal'')<!--, ''ay tácraf'' "don't rest" (from ''tícraf'')-->. | **A guttural letter (''G'': ', h, c, x): when intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel - e.g. ''yaxamal'' "he carries" (from ''*yixamal'')<!--, ''ay tácraf'' "don't rest" (from ''tícraf'')-->. | ||
*If ''C'' is:- | *If ''C'' is:- | ||
**y, yC, or Cy: | **y, yC, or Cy: | ||
***''ay(a)/ya'' becomes ''ee'' - e.g. '' | ***''ay(a)/ya'' becomes ''ee'' - e.g. ''keedaw'' "he walked/went" (from ''*kaydaw''). | ||
***''yi(i)'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''al | ***''yi(i)'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''al tikiid'' "you do not walk/go" (from ''*tikyid''). | ||
***''ayii'' becomes ''ey'' - e.g. ''kéydaw'' "him walking/going" (from ''*kayíidaw''). | <!--***''ayii'' becomes ''ey'' - e.g. ''kéydaw'' "him walking/going" (from ''*kayíidaw'').--> | ||
**w, wC, or Cw: | **w, wC, or Cw: | ||
***''aw(a)/wa'' becomes ''oo'' - e.g. '' | ***''aw(a)/wa'' becomes ''oo'' - e.g. ''koonaw'' "he was/became" (from ''*kawnaw''). | ||
***''wi(i)'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''al | ***''wi(i)'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''al tukuun'' "she does not become" (from ''*tikwin''). | ||
***''awii'' becomes ''oy'' - e.g. ''kóynaw'' "him being" (from ''*kawíinaw''). | <!-- | ||
***Expected ''awii'' becomes ''oy'' - e.g. ''kóynaw'' "him being" (from ''*kawíinaw''). | |||
--> | |||
**Ø, ØC, or CØ: | **Ø, ØC, or CØ: | ||
***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. '' | ***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. ''laagay'' "I sent" (from ''*laØgay''). | ||
***''Øi(i)'' becomes ''ii''<!--or aa?''--> - e.g. ''al | ***''Øi(i)'' becomes ''ii''<!--or aa?''--> - e.g. ''al tiliig'' "she doesn't send" (from ''*tilØig''). | ||
***''aØii'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''láygaw'' "him sending" (from ''*laØíigaw''). | <!-- | ||
***''aØii'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''láygaw'' "him sending" (from ''*laØíigaw'').--> | |||
<!-- | |||
**G: | **G: | ||
***''aGii'' in gerundive becomes ''iGii'' - e.g. ''mixíiraw'' "him being kind/merciful" | ***''aGii'' in gerundive becomes ''iGii'' - e.g. ''mixíiraw'' "him being kind/merciful"--> | ||
***When intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel. | ***When intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel. | ||
*If ''L'' is:- | *If ''L'' is:- | ||
**y: | **y: | ||
***''(a)ya'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''sallayd'' "she prayed" (from ''*sallayad''). | ***''(a)ya'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''sallayd'' "she prayed" (from ''*sallayad'') | ||
***''(a)yay'' becomes ''eey'' - e.g. ''salleey'' "I prayed" (from ''*sallayay''). | |||
***Final ''iy'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''silli'' "pray" (from ''*silliy''). | ***Final ''iy'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''silli'' "pray" (from ''*silliy''). | ||
***''yuu'' becomes ''uu'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinasúun'' "they forget" (from ''*yinasyúun''). | ***''yuu'' becomes ''uu'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinasúun'' "they forget" (from ''*yinasyúun''). | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
**''ayuu'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. '' | **''ayuu'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''yisalláwn'' "they pray" (from ''*yisallayúun'') | ||
**''iyuu'' becomes ''uu'' - e.g. ''al tisillúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not pray" (from ''* | **''iyuu'' becomes ''uu'' - e.g. ''al tisillúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not pray" (from ''*tisilliyúun'') | ||
--> | --> | ||
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCíi-'' before a consonant). | <!-- | ||
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCíi-'' before a consonant).--> | |||
**w: | **w: | ||
***''(a)wa'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad''). | ***''(a)wa'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad''). | ||
***''(a)way'' becomes ''ooy'' - e.g. ''cafooy'' "I forgave" (from ''*cafway''). | |||
***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (''uu'' before a consonant) and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'' - e.g. ''cufu'' "forgive" (from ''*cifiw''). | ***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (''uu'' before a consonant) and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'' - e.g. ''cufu'' "forgive" (from ''*cifiw''). | ||
***''wuu'' becomes ''uu'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yacafúun'' "they forgive" (from ''*yicafwúun''). | ***''wuu'' becomes ''uu'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yacafúun'' "they forgive" (from ''*yicafwúun''). | ||
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**Ø: | **Ø: | ||
***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. ''nashaad'' "she took/lifted" (from ''*nashaØad''). | ***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. ''nashaad'' "she took/lifted" (from ''*nashaØad''). | ||
***Final ''iØ'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. '' | ***Final ''iØ'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''níshi'' "take/lift" (from ''*níshiØ''). | ||
***''Øuu'' becomes ''uu'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinashúun'' "they take/lift" (from ''*yinashØúun''). | ***''Øuu'' becomes ''uu'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinashúun'' "they take/lift" (from ''*yinashØúun''). | ||
***''aØuu'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. ''yuwaddówn'' "they finish" (from ''*yiwaddaØúun'') | ***''aØuu'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. ''yuwaddówn'' "they finish" (from ''*yiwaddaØúun'') | ||
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***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCíi-'' before a consonant). | ***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCíi-'' before a consonant). | ||
**G: Preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel. | **G: Preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel. | ||
*Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. '' | *Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. ''sallaygúun'' "you (pl.) prayed" (from ''*sallay-kúun''). | ||
*For quinquiliteral verbs, replace ''C'' with ''CaCC''/''CiCC'' (with the vowel corresponding to the bracketed one) - e.g. ''dhamastar'', ''yidhamastar'', '' | *For quinquiliteral verbs, replace ''C'' with ''CaCC''/''CiCC'' (with the vowel corresponding to the bracketed one) - e.g. ''dhamastar'', ''yidhamastar'', ''yidhimistir'' "complete". If one of the consonants is ''w'' or ''y'', the aforementioned simplifications apply and the unnecessary ''a''/''i'' is not added - e.g. ''targoon'', ''yitargoon'', ''yuturguun'', ''targoomaw'' "translate" (from ''*taragwam'', ''*yitaragwam'', ''*yitirigwim'', ''*taragwamaw''). In forms where no simplifications can take place, however, the extra vowel is added - e.g. ''tar<b>a</b>gwaámi'' "translator". | ||
<!-- Might change this to ''wa/ya'' becoming ''o/e'', ''wi/yi'' becoming ''u/i'', and ''waa/yaa'' becoming ''oo''/''ee'' --> | <!-- Might change this to ''wa/ya'' becoming ''o/e'', ''wi/yi'' becoming ''u/i'', and ''waa/yaa'' becoming ''oo''/''ee'' --> | ||
<!--- Some ideas: | <!--- Some ideas: | ||