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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Principal parts==== | |||
For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from four principal parts: the infinitive, 1S present, 1S past, and past participle. | |||
These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form. | |||
====Verb classes==== | |||
Verbs may be regular or irregular. | |||
In regular verbs, the present stem, past stem, and past participle are derived regularly from the infinitive. | |||
There are 3 classes of regular verbs. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Weak verbs | |||
! Class !! Infinitive ending !! 1S present ending !! 1S past ending !! Past participle | |||
|- | |||
! 1 | |||
| -aar || - || -aai || -aat | |||
|- | |||
! 2a (infix) | |||
| -ijr || -is || -ij || -ijt | |||
|- | |||
! 2b (no infix) | |||
| -ijr || - || -ij || -ijt | |||
|- | |||
! 3 | |||
| -er || - || -ui || -t | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Irregular verbs form one or more of the stems irregularly. | |||
*'''Present stem:''' When this is irregular, it is most often due to suppletion. | |||
*'''Past stem:''' This is the most common irregular form, and most often is preserved from Latin. Generally, irregular past forms take the same endings as class 3 regular verbs, but with a modified stem. | |||
*'''Past participle:''' This is most often preserved from Latin. Verbs with irregular past stems often use the same stem in the past participle (with the standard ''-t'' ending) but this is not always the case, and some verbs with regular past stems may have irregular past participles. In such cases, regular and irregular past participle forms often coexist. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||