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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| name = | | name = Middle Annerish | ||
| nativename = | | nativename = ın béırlen Annrach <br>{{Rune|᛬ᛁ᛫ᛕᛁᛁᛧᚳᛁ᛫ᚭᚢᛂᛧᚭᚼ᛬}} | ||
| pronunciation = {{IPA| | | pronunciation = {{IPA|[əˈmbeɪ̯ɹʎəˈnɑɯ̯nrʊx]}} | ||
| familycolor = Indo-European | | familycolor = Indo-European | ||
| nation = [[Verse: | | nation = [[Verse:Anneries|The Annerish Federation]] | ||
| setting = [[Verse: | | setting = [[Verse:Anneries|The Anneries]], off the west coast of Ireland | ||
| creator = [[User:Ceolsige18| | | creator = [[User:Ceolsige18|Aireanna]] | ||
| fam1 = [[:w:Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] | | fam1 = [[:w:Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] | ||
| fam2 = [[:w:Centum and satem languages|Centum]] | | fam2 = [[:w:Centum and satem languages|Centum]] | ||
| fam3 = [[:w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] | | fam3 = [[:w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] | ||
| ancestor = [[Old | | ancestor = [[Old Annerish/Pre-Annerish|Pre-Annerish]] | ||
| iso3 = qrz | | iso3 = qrz | ||
}} | }} created by [[User:Ceolsige18|Aireanna]] | ||
''' | The '''Annerish''' language (ın béırlen Annrach, ''Runic:''{{Rune|᛬ᛁ᛫ᛕᛁᛁᛧᚳᛁ᛫ᚭᚢᛂᛧᚭᚼ᛬}}) is a medieval, early-split Germanic language spoken by the inhabitants of the [[Verse:Anneries|Anneries]] (ın Annray, ''Runic:''{{Rune|᛬ᛁ᛫ᚭᚢᛂᛧᛆᚢ᛬}}), an archipelago emerging from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine_Seabight Porcupine Bank] off the west coast of Ireland. | ||
<br> | |||
It is attested in two distinct forms, namely: Old Annerish and Middle Annerish. Only a handful of vital pagan religious texts survive in the older language, first put to manuscript in the 7th century, though possibly composed a couple of centuries earlier. Despite having been affected by a series of phonological changes that had radically altered its appearance compared to other old [[:w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages, these ancient verse and prose exhibit abundant vocabulary of Germanic stock, albeit under a heavy [[:w:Goidelic languages|Goidelic]] superstratum. <br> | |||
By the time of the Middle period, after centuries of diglossia, the [[:w:Celtic languages|Celtic]] influence has made the cognate language unrecognizeable to the [[w:Viking age|Norsemen]], who ally with their distant cousins against the Christians of the British Isles and integrate into the culture, lending doublets (mostly nominal) in the process. However, a unique substratum, likely [[w:Old Europe|Old European]], leaves its mark in the later language and more specifically in the sociolect of men - the Ceccr. The matriarchal social order and polytheistic worldview is reflected extensively throughout the known literature, which unfortunately declines after a brutal period of English colonisation in the 1700's. <br> | |||
In modern times, these rich culture and language are endangered and facing extinction in both the homeland and the diaspora in the New World. | |||
===Etymology=== | ===Etymology=== | ||
The name " | The name "Annerish" is derived simply from a combination of the endonym [[Contionary:Annr#Anrish|Annr]], whose origin is disputed, + -ish in English. Similarly, "the Anneries" derives from the native ın Annray - a compound of [[Contionary:Annr#Anrish|Annr]] + [[Contionary:ey#Anrish|ey]], translating to "the Annerish islands". | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
It is hypothesised that the Annerish people are either one and the same with, or a subgroup of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae Balgae] who migrated from the Gallo-Germanic confederation to south Britain and later fled to Ireland at the wake of the Roman conquest. Many characteristic features of [[w:Common Brittonic|Brythonic]] and Goidelic languages are shared with the Anrish language, which has previously been regarded as Celtic. True classification has also been obscured by the crucial lack of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verner%27s_law|Verner's law]], along with sweeping sound changes by analogy with the mutation strategies of the dominant languages that reverse some of the effects of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%27s_law|Grimm's law]], though notably not in reflexes of *hw- and *þw- initials. | |||
*wu> *ū. This must have been a feature of the Proto-Germanic dialect of the | A list of the most important changes will be given below (in approximate order): | ||
*ē<sub>2</sub> | *wu> *ū. This must have been a feature of the Proto-Germanic dialect of the Annerish people before influences from Brittonic, where *ū> ȳ, and also precedes *kw> p (*kwuruz> *kūrj-> cuír, not **puír) | ||
*ē<sub>2</sub>> ī (*ē<sub>2</sub>hiraz> íochr - maple) | |||
Monophthongization of PG diphthongs: | Monophthongization of PG diphthongs: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 28: | Line 31: | ||
! Diphthong !! turns into: !! merges with: | ! Diphthong !! turns into: !! merges with: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| *ai || ǣ || *ē<sub>1</sub> | | *ai || ǣ~ é/eà/éı || *ē<sub>1</sub> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| * | | *au, eu, ōu || ȱ~ úa/úaı || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
| * | | *iu, *ōi|| ȳ~ y/uí || - | ||
|} | |} | ||
Nasal vowels merge: | Nasal vowels merge: | ||
internally word-final | internally word-final | ||
*ą, *am, *an> | *ą, *am, *an> ã ã | ||
*ǭ, *ô, *ǫ̂> - | *ǭ, *ô, *ǫ̂> - | ||
*aNF, *ōm, *ōn> ā - | *aNF, *ōm, *ōn> ā - | ||
*iNF> ē - | *iNF> ē - | ||
*į̄> - ẽ | *į̄> - ẽ | ||
*uNF> | *uNF> ũ - | ||
*ų, *um, *un> - ũ | *ų, *um, *un> - ũ | ||
Labiovelars become bilabials: | Labiovelars become bilabials: | ||
*kw> p (* | *kw> p-, -b- (*kwrammaz> *pramm~ pram - damp, *nakwô> *nǫba~ napa - ship); *gw> b-, -g- (*gwenþiz> *bũıḋ~ bóıd - fight, *snaigwaz> *nnœ́ġ~ neòg - snow); *ngw> -mb- (*slangwijō> *llaımb~ laım - sling); *hw> f (*hwītaz> *fíd~ fíot - white, *tēhwō> *téŭf~ teòfa) | ||
* | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
| Line 95: | Line 92: | ||
|{{IPA|f}} | |{{IPA|f}} | ||
|{{IPA|s}}; {{IPA|θ}} | |{{IPA|s}}; {{IPA|θ}} | ||
|{{IPA|x}} | |{{IPA|x}}~{{IPA|h}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!voiced | !voiced | ||
|{{IPA| | |{{IPA|β}} | ||
|{{IPA|ð}} | |{{IPA|ð}} | ||
|{{IPA|ɣ}} | |{{IPA|ɣ}} | ||
| Line 172: | Line 169: | ||
*V = Vowel | *V = Vowel | ||
#An epenthetic short vowel must occur between {{IPA|/r/}} and a following labial in the coda. | #An epenthetic short vowel must occur between {{IPA|/r/}} and a following labial in the coda. | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
====Latin==== | ====Latin==== | ||
The Latin alphabet | The Latin alphabet was introduced by the Irish Christians during the early 7th century. Another major factor in the Romanization of Anrish was the later advent of the printing press, created exclusively for Latin-based writing systems. | ||
====Runic==== | ====Runic==== | ||
The Runic alphabet | The Runic alphabet was reintroduced by the Viking migrants in the Middle ages. | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
| Line 192: | Line 180: | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
. | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
| Line 227: | Line 210: | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
The constituent order of words in any given sentence is typically | The constituent order of words in any given sentence is typically verb-subject-object (VSO). | ||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
===Sentence phrase=== | ===Sentence phrase=== | ||
| Line 237: | Line 220: | ||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
{{main|:Category: | {{main|:Category:Annerish literature}} | ||
[[ | *[[Literature:Ishtar spoke to her father#Annerish|Ishtar spoke to her father]] - ? | ||
===Swadesh list=== | |||
{{Swadesh | {{Swadesh | ||
|language=Anrish | |language=Anrish | ||
|nativename=tenga Ænrza | |nativename=tenga Ænrza | ||
|I= | |I=mé | ||
|you (singular)= | |you (singular)=tú | ||
|he= | |he=é | ||
|we= | |we=myr | ||
|you (plural)= | |you (plural)=rıb | ||
|they= | |they=níe | ||
|this= | |this= | ||
|that= | |that= | ||
|here= | |here= | ||
|there= | |there= | ||
|who= | |who= | ||
|what= | |what= | ||
|where= | |where= | ||
|when= | |when= | ||
|how= | |how= | ||
|not= | |not= | ||
|all= | |all= | ||
|many= | |many= | ||
|some= | |some= | ||
|few= | |few= | ||
|other= | |other= | ||
|one= | |one=oín | ||
|two= | |two= | ||
|three= | |three= | ||
|four= | |four= | ||
|five= | |five=pım | ||
|big= | |big= | ||
|long= | |long= | ||
|wide= | |wide= | ||
|thick= | |thick= | ||
|heavy= | |heavy= | ||
|small= | |small= | ||
|short= | |short= | ||
|narrow= | |narrow= | ||
|thin= | |thin= | ||
|woman= | |woman= | ||
|man (adult male)= | |man (adult male)= | ||
|man (human being)= | |man (human being)= | ||
|child= | |child= | ||
|wife= | |wife= | ||
|husband= | |husband= | ||
|mother= | |mother= | ||
|father= | |father= | ||
|animal= | |animal= | ||
|fish= | |fish= | ||
|bird= | |bird= | ||
|dog= | |dog=cuan | ||
|louse= | |louse= | ||
|snake= | |snake= | ||
|worm= | |worm= | ||
|tree= | |tree= | ||
|forest= | |forest= | ||
| Line 302: | Line 284: | ||
|fruit= | |fruit= | ||
|seed= | |seed= | ||
|leaf= | |leaf= | ||
|root= | |root= | ||
|bark= | |bark= | ||
| Line 309: | Line 291: | ||
|rope= | |rope= | ||
|skin= | |skin= | ||
|meat= | |meat= | ||
|blood= | |blood= | ||
|bone= | |bone= | ||
|fat= | |fat= | ||
|egg= | |egg= | ||
|horn= | |horn= | ||
|tail= | |tail= | ||
| Line 319: | Line 301: | ||
|hair= | |hair= | ||
|head= | |head= | ||
|ear= | |ear= | ||
|eye= | |eye= | ||
|nose= | |nose= | ||
|mouth= | |mouth= | ||
|tooth= | |tooth= | ||
|tongue= | |tongue= | ||
|fingernail= | |fingernail= | ||
|foot= | |foot= | ||
|leg= | |leg= | ||
|knee= | |knee= | ||
|hand= | |hand= | ||
|wing= | |wing= | ||
|belly= | |belly= | ||
|guts= | |guts= | ||
|neck= | |neck= | ||
|back= | |back= | ||
|breast= | |breast= | ||
|heart= | |heart= | ||
|liver= | |liver= | ||
|drink= | |drink= | ||
|eat= | |eat=bírr | ||
|bite= | |bite= | ||
|suck= | |suck= | ||
| Line 345: | Line 327: | ||
|vomit= | |vomit= | ||
|blow= | |blow= | ||
|breathe= | |breathe= | ||
|laugh= | |laugh= | ||
|see= | |see= | ||
|hear= | |hear= | ||
|know= | |know= | ||
|think= | |think= | ||
|smell= | |smell= | ||
|fear= | |fear= | ||
|sleep= | |sleep= | ||
|live= | |live= | ||
|die= | |die= | ||
|kill= | |kill= | ||
|fight= | |fight= | ||
|hunt= | |hunt= | ||
|hit= | |hit= | ||
|cut= | |cut= | ||
| Line 367: | Line 349: | ||
|swim= | |swim= | ||
|fly= | |fly= | ||
|walk= | |walk= | ||
|come= | |come= | ||
|lie= | |lie= | ||
|sit= | |sit= | ||
|stand= | |stand= | ||
|turn= | |turn= | ||
|fall= | |fall= | ||
|give= | |give= | ||
|hold= | |hold= | ||
|squeeze= | |squeeze= | ||
| Line 386: | Line 368: | ||
|sew= | |sew= | ||
|count= | |count= | ||
|say= | |say= | ||
|sing= | |sing= | ||
|play= | |play= | ||
|float= | |float= | ||
|flow= | |flow= | ||
|freeze= | |freeze= | ||
|swell= | |swell= | ||
|sun= | |sun= | ||
|moon= | |moon= | ||
|star= | |star= | ||
|water= | |water=dal | ||
|rain= | |rain= | ||
|river= | |river= | ||
|lake= | |lake= | ||
|sea= | |sea= | ||
|salt= | |salt= | ||
|stone= | |stone= | ||
|sand= | |sand= | ||
| Line 413: | Line 395: | ||
|ice= | |ice= | ||
|smoke= | |smoke= | ||
|fire= | |fire=tuar | ||
|ashes= | |ashes= | ||
|burn= | |burn= | ||
| Line 419: | Line 401: | ||
|mountain= | |mountain= | ||
|red= | |red= | ||
|green= | |green= | ||
|yellow= | |yellow= | ||
|white= | |white=bán | ||
|black= | |black= | ||
|night= | |night= | ||
|day= | |day= | ||
|year= | |year= | ||
|warm= | |warm= | ||
|cold= | |cold= | ||
|full= | |full= | ||
|new= | |new=nuıd | ||
|old= | |old= | ||
|good= | |good= | ||
|bad= | |bad= | ||
|rotten= | |rotten= | ||
|dirty= | |dirty= | ||
| Line 440: | Line 422: | ||
|dull= | |dull= | ||
|smooth= | |smooth= | ||
|wet= | |wet= | ||
|dry= | |dry= | ||
|correct= | |correct= | ||
| Line 448: | Line 430: | ||
|left= | |left= | ||
|at= | |at= | ||
|in= | |in=fı | ||
|with= | |with=lı | ||
|and= | |and=ea | ||
|if= | |if= | ||
|because= | |because= | ||
|name= | |name= | ||
}} | }} | ||