Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions

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Dundulanyä (view source)

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A substantial part of nouns in Dundulanyä is derived from verbal roots, and these may have ablaut patterns throughout their declension as in the examples above, or the derivational suffix may require the root to be in a certain ablaut grade (which is then a fixed stem throughout the declension). However, as a general rule, the majority of nouns relating to flora, fauna, and many elements of the natural world are not formed from verbal roots and do not show ablaut.
A substantial part of nouns in Dundulanyä is derived from verbal roots, and these may have ablaut patterns throughout their declension as in the examples above, or the derivational suffix may require the root to be in a certain ablaut grade (which is then a fixed stem throughout the declension). However, as a general rule, the majority of nouns relating to flora, fauna, and many elements of the natural world are not formed from verbal roots and do not show ablaut.


Dundulanyä roots belong to one out of ten classes (nine ablaut classes or non-ablauting):
Dundulanyä roots belong to one out of nine classes (eight ablaut classes or non-ablauting):
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" |
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! VI
! VI
| e || ā || ei
| ya || i || ī
|-
|-
! VII
! VII
| ya || i || ī
| va || u || ū
|-
|-
! VIII
! VIII
| va || u || ū
|-
! IX
| ra || ṛ || ṝ
| ra || ṛ || ṝ
|}
|}
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The majority of roots belongs to either the 0 class, or to classes II to IV. Other classes are much rarer, with VI and especially IX being the least common overall. Many class I roots have a sonorant such as '''l''', '''m''' or '''n''' (rarely other nasals), continuing formations parallel to class IV in reconstructed Pre-Dundulanyä. Class I roots may, due to their shape, be further simplified in the zero-grade; see ''haf-'', zero-grade ''iṣf-'' "to insert, fill" or ''rañj-'', zero-grade ''ṛj-'' "to name, identify"; some others have a short vowel in the zero-grade and a long vowel in the (identical) middle- and higher-grade forms, as with ''sākh-'' (zero-grade ''sakh-'', higher-grade ''sākh-'') "to prepare"<ref>More commonly used in the prefixed form ''ni-sākh-'' "to build, create, make".</ref>.
The majority of roots belongs to either the 0 class, or to classes II to IV. Other classes are much rarer, with VI and especially IX being the least common overall. Many class I roots have a sonorant such as '''l''', '''m''' or '''n''' (rarely other nasals), continuing formations parallel to class IV in reconstructed Pre-Dundulanyä. Class I roots may, due to their shape, be further simplified in the zero-grade; see ''haf-'', zero-grade ''iṣf-'' "to insert, fill" or ''rañj-'', zero-grade ''ṛj-'' "to name, identify"; some others have a short vowel in the zero-grade and a long vowel in the (identical) middle- and higher-grade forms, as with ''sākh-'' (zero-grade ''sakh-'', higher-grade ''sākh-'') "to prepare"<ref>More commonly used in the prefixed form ''ni-sākh-'' "to build, create, make".</ref>.


Some class VII and VIII roots may have consonant changes caused by saṃdhi; furthermore, there are a few irregular class II and III roots which have a long vowel in the zero grade form even if they are not of CV shape; see e.g. ''lobh-'' "to write" with the long zero grade ''lūbh-''. Class III roots with the ''-vo-'' sequence in the middle grade (citation form) reduce it to ''-ū-'' in any case in the zero grade, as in ''tvorg-'' "to fear" with the zero grade ''tūrg-''.
Some class VI and VII roots may have consonant changes caused by saṃdhi; furthermore, there are a few irregular class II and III roots which have a long vowel in the zero grade form even if they are not of CV shape; see e.g. ''lobh-'' "to write" with the long zero grade ''lūbh-''. Class III roots with the ''-vo-'' sequence in the middle grade (citation form) reduce it to ''-ū-'' in any case in the zero grade, as in ''tvorg-'' "to fear" with the zero grade ''tūrg-''.


===Nouns (''rāñjiḫi'')===
===Nouns (''rāñjiḫi'')===
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|-
|-
! <small>Instrumental</small>
! <small>Instrumental</small>
| hilkeḫeiś || hilkaiḫenīka
| hilkeḫīś || hilkaiḫenīka
|-
|-
! <small>Bound form</small>
! <small>Bound form</small>
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|-
|-
! <small>Instrumental</small>
! <small>Instrumental</small>
| imuteiś || imutenīka
| imutīś || imutenīka
|-
|-
! <small>Bound form</small>
! <small>Bound form</small>
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|-
|-
! <small>Instrumental</small>
! <small>Instrumental</small>
| nādeiś || nādānīka
| nādīś || nādānīka
|-
|-
! <small>Bound form</small>
! <small>Bound form</small>
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|-
|-
! <small>Instrumental</small>
! <small>Instrumental</small>
| ilūvyeiś || ilūvinīka
| ilūvyīś || ilūvinīka
|-
|-
! <small>Bound form</small>
! <small>Bound form</small>
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|-
|-
! <small>Instrumental</small>
! <small>Instrumental</small>
| kulārveiś || kulārunīka
| kulārvīś || kulārunīka
|-
|-
! <small>Bound form</small>
! <small>Bound form</small>
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|-
|-
! <small>Instrumental</small>
! <small>Instrumental</small>
| Kālomīyayeiś || Kālomīyenīka
| Kālomīyayīś || Kālomīyenīka
|-
|-
! <small>Bound form</small>
! <small>Bound form</small>
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|-
|-
! <small>Instrumental</small>
! <small>Instrumental</small>
| śuthreiś || śuthṝnīka
| śuthrīś || śuthṝnīka
|-
|-
! <small>Bound form</small>
! <small>Bound form</small>
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Incorporated verb roots form root+root complexes where the incorporated root adds a dimension of meaning to the main one, such as with the root ''jūpūn-'' "to work in a hurry" from ''pūn-'' "to work" with the incorporated root ''jo-'' "to hurry", or ''nililobh-'' "to write down through brainstorming" from ''lobh-'' "to write" with ''nily-'' "to think".<br/>
Incorporated verb roots form root+root complexes where the incorporated root adds a dimension of meaning to the main one, such as with the root ''jūpūn-'' "to work in a hurry" from ''pūn-'' "to work" with the incorporated root ''jo-'' "to hurry", or ''nililobh-'' "to write down through brainstorming" from ''lobh-'' "to write" with ''nily-'' "to think".<br/>
Incorporated nominal roots include for example morphemes such as ''tan-'' for a long object (cf. ''taṇḍa'' "stick, cane") resulting in forms such as ''taṃlobh-'' "to affix; carve (on a stick, a post)", or ''ghar-'' for "wood" with forms such as ''ghahreiś-'' "to debark" (''reiś-'' "to peel") or ''gharṇevy-'' "to carve wood" (''nevy-'' "to shape").<br/>The prefix ''yau-'' fills the incorporated nominal root slot, however it denotes repetition and patient plurality and is always used together with the agentive trigger, as shown in forms such as ''yaukṛsēne'' "I waited for all of them".
Incorporated nominal roots include for example morphemes such as ''tan-'' for a long object (cf. ''taṇḍa'' "stick, cane") resulting in forms such as ''taṃlobh-'' "to affix; carve (on a stick, a post)", or ''ghar-'' for "wood" with forms such as ''ghahräś-'' "to debark" (''räś-'' "to peel") or ''gharṇevy-'' "to carve wood" (''nevy-'' "to shape").<br/>The prefix ''yau-'' fills the incorporated nominal root slot, however it denotes repetition and patient plurality and is always used together with the agentive trigger, as shown in forms such as ''yaukṛsēne'' "I waited for all of them".


====Stem and TAM formation====
====Stem and TAM formation====
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