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== | ==Bantu-esque romlang== | ||
====Numerals==== | ====Numerals==== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
|--> | |--> | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| | | ʊːnʊ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| | | toː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| | | ʈɛː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4 | ! 4 | ||
| | | kʷɑtːɔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 5 | ! 5 | ||
| | | kʷɪˑŋɡɛ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 6 | ! 6 | ||
| | | sɛː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 7 | ! 7 | ||
| | | sɛtːɛ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 8 | ! 8 | ||
| | | ɔtːɔː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 9 | ! 9 | ||
| | | nɔwɛ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 10 | ! 10 | ||
| | | teɣe | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 11 | ! 11 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 20 | ! 20 | ||
| | | βiː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 30 | ! 30 | ||
Line 67: | Line 67: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 100 | ! 100 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 200 | ! 200 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1000 | ! 1000 | ||
Line 79: | Line 79: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Bantu-esque Indo-European lang== | |||
== | ====Numerals==== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ | |+ ???? numerals | ||
! !! | ! Symbol !! Cardinal number | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! | <!-- | ||
! 0 | |||
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr- | |||
|--> | |||
! 1 | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 2 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 3 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 4 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 5 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 6 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
! 7 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 11 | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 20 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 30 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 40 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 50 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 60 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 70 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 80 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 90 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 100 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 200 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 1000 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 2000 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Somali-like relative of Zanahi== | |||
====Numerals==== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ ???? numerals | |||
! Symbol !! Cardinal number | |||
|- | |||
<!-- | |||
! 0 | |||
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr- | |||
|--> | |||
! 1 | |||
| ceyn | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
| dhaba | |||
|- | |||
! 3 | |||
| taray | |||
|- | |||
! 4 | |||
| shodor | |||
|- | |||
! 5 | |||
| fash | |||
|- | |||
! 6 | |||
| shag | |||
|- | |||
! 7 | |||
| hafad | |||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| casta | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| now | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| dhas | |||
|- | |||
! 11 | |||
| ceyn oo dhas | |||
|- | |||
! 20 | |||
| dhabaasan | |||
|- | |||
! 30 | |||
| tiriisan | |||
|- | |||
! 40 | |||
| shodoorsan | |||
|- | |||
! 50 | |||
| fashaasan | |||
|- | |||
! 60 | |||
| shagaasan | |||
|- | |||
! 70 | |||
| haftaasan | |||
|- | |||
! 80 | |||
| castaash | |||
an | |||
|- | |||
! 90 | |||
| nabaasan | |||
|- | |||
! 100 | |||
| sid | |||
|- | |||
! 200 | |||
| dhow sid | |||
|- | |||
! 1000 | |||
| dahal | |||
|- | |||
! 2000 | |||
| dhaba dahal | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Somali-like Romlang== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Verb conjugation of ''amaal'' "to love" - non-continuous tenses | |||
! !! colspan="3"| Present !! colspan="3"| Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative !! rowspan="2"| Jussive | |||
|- | |||
! !! Indicative !! Subordinate !! Adjectival !! Affirmative !! Negative !! Adjectival | |||
|- | |||
!1S | |||
| amaa || ame || rowspan="6"| amá || amay || rowspan="6"| amays || rowspan="6"| amaý || — || áme | |||
|- | |||
!2S | |||
| amaas || ames || amays || áma || ámes | |||
|- | |||
!3S | |||
| amaa || ame || amay || — || áme | |||
|- | |||
!1P | |||
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén | |||
|- | |||
!2P | |||
| amaad || amaad || amayd || amaád || ameéd | |||
|- | |||
!3P | |||
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
<!-- | |||
==English-like relative of Twench== | |||
===Swadesh list=== | |||
'''Abbreviations:''' | |||
*irr. = irregular (conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts) | |||
*pl. = plural | |||
*pol. = polite | |||
*arch. = archaic | |||
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<th>'''No.'''</th> | |||
<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th> | |||
<th>Unnamed</th> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td>you</td></tr> | |||
<tr><th>2</th | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | tāl- || all || Romance ''<b>t</b>ot-'' and Germanic '''''all-'''''. Influenced by Arabic ''kull-''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -u- || ''masculine singular'' || Latin ''-<b>u</b>s''. Influenced by Arabic nominative singular ending ''-u(n)''. The singular nature of this word is influenced by Arabic usage. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -∅ || ''construct form'' || Arabic. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | khōm- || person || Arabic '''''qawm''''' "people". The lack of a definite article after the determiner "all" is influenced by Germanic. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -ī- || ''masculine plural'' || Latin '''''-ī''''', Arabic ''-<b>ī</b>n''. Considered to come from an earlier form ''*-uy-'', where ''-u-'' is the masculine vowel and ''*-y-'' is the original plural marker. This hypothetical ''*-y-'' is a backformation from the plural endings and is additionally influenced by Esperanto ''-j''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -n || ''genitive'' || Repurposing of Arabic tanween, particularly in the triptote genitive ending ''-i<b>n</b>''. Also influenced by oblique endings in ''-n'' in various languages, such as the Amharic and Esperanto accusatives, German dative plural, etc. The placement of this word in the genitive is influenced by Arabic. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | fār- || free || German '''''frei''''' and Arabic ''ħurr-'' (and its Portuguese descendant ''forro''). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -u- || ''masculine singular'' || See above. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -m || ''accusative'' || Latin '''''-m''''' (in ''-um, -am, -em''). This usage of the accusative is influenced by Arabic. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ya || and || Gothic ''jah''. Influenced by Persian ''yā'' "or". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | qōn- || equal || Corruption of Proto-Germanic '''''*ebn-''''' (the ancestor of English ''even'') through a hypothetical development ''*ebn- > *eun- > *ōn-'', with a sporadic ''ʕ-'' inserted. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -u- || ''masculine singular'' || See above. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -m || ''accusative'' || See above. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | bi || in || Arabic ''bi-'' and ''fī'' (both of which can mean "in"). The primary meaning is spatial. The usage of spatial "in" to mean "in terms of" is influenced by English. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | al || the (''definite article'') || Arabic ''al-''. Also influenced by Spanish ''el''. Its usage in this generic sense is influenced by Arabic. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | adr- || dignity || Influenced by English ''<b>d</b>ignity'' and Arabic ''sha<b>r</b>af''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -a- || ''feminine singular'' || Latin ''-a''. Influenced by Arabic ''-a(h)'', pausal form of the feminine ending ''-at-''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -n || ''genitive'' || Influenced by various oblique forms ending in ''-n'' such as German ''-en'' (dative plural + masculine accusative singular of adjectives + oblique forms of weak nouns/adjectives) and Esperanto ''-n'' (accusative). This usage of the genitive is influenced by Arabic. | ||
|} | |||
==Iberian Celtic lang== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !! | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || mi | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || tu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || nis | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || sis | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || quien | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || que | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || quan | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || welho | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || elo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || negos | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || alho | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || ono | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || duo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || tris | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || quiodres | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || quinque | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || maro | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || siro | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] || tievo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] || beco | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] || berro | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] || ango | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || biena | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || vero | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || duenho | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] || maco | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || madre | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || adre | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] || milo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || esco | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || con | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || preme | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || prieno | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] || silo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] || rosco | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] || guelta | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || chigo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] || cruevo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] || vuelto | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] || queño | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] || closta | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || dante | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || tanguad | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] || | ||
|} | |||
==Descendent of Old Latin== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !! | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || mu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || tu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] || gio | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || nox | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || gox | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || giox (''m.''); giax (''f.'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || xicce | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || isto | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || xic | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || eve | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || quex | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || que | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || cove | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || quando | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || quan | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || guabrix | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || moltox (''m.''); moltax (''f.'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] || pocox; pokax | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || alio | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || gueno (''m.''); guena (''f.'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || dúox (''m.''); dúax (''f.'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || trix | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || quattor | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || chinque | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || mangro | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || luango | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || lato | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || femna | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || guero | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || huamne | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || femna | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || guero | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || matre | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || patre | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || pesci | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] || agui | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || cane | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] || serpiante | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || ghiarmi | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || arbre | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] || selgua | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] || pomo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] || folio | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || carne | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] || ogo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] || guaclo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] || naso | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || diante | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || dengua | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] || bivre, bivo, beve | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] || giadre, giado, gede | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] || guamre, guamo, gome | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] || guedere, guedio, guise | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] || odire, odio, odigue | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] || groscre, grosco, grogue | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || sentire, sianto, sentigue | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] || guigre, guigo, guige | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] || sol | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] || lona | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] || aqua | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] || mare | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] || tiarra | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] || celo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] || ghianto | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] || | ||
|- | |||
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] || muante | |||
|- | |||
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || albo | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] || negro | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || noapte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || día | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]] || anno | |||
|- | |||
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || pleno | |||
|- | |||
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || nogo | |||
|- | |||
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || seno | |||
|- | |||
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || dueno | |||
|- | |||
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || malo | |||
|- | |||
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] || secco | |||
|- | |||
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] || a | |||
|- | |||
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] || en | |||
|- | |||
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || | | 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] || | ||
|- | |||
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || | | 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || | ||
Line 3,100: | Line 3,262: | ||
! rowspan="2" |Notes | ! rowspan="2" |Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Arabicized | ! Arabicized | ||
! Traditional Somali | ! Traditional Somali | ||
!Isolated | !Isolated | ||
!Final | !Final | ||
Line 3,107: | Line 3,269: | ||
!Initial | !Initial | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | alif<br>الف | ||
| alif<br>الف | | alif<br>الف | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ا</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ا</span> | ||
Line 3,115: | Line 3,277: | ||
| /aː/ | | /aː/ | ||
| aa | | aa | ||
| '' | | ''alif'' has two functions: firstly, as a carrier for ''hamzah'' (which may not be written, especially at the beginning of words). Secondly, for showing the long vowel "aa". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | baa'<br>باء | ||
| ba'<br>بأ | | ba'<br>بأ | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ب</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ب</span> | ||
Line 3,127: | Line 3,289: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | paa'<br>پاء | ||
| pa'<br>پأ | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">پ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـپ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـپـ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">پـ</span> | |||
|[β] (weak allophone of /b/); /p/ (loanwords, Af Maay) | |||
|b; p (Af Maay) | |||
| This is an extra letter that is not normally used. It can be used for intervocalic /b/ pronounced as /β/, especially in Af Maay. It can also be used for /p/ in foreign words (where it is usually replaced with ''b'') and initially in some Af Maay words. | |||
|- | |||
| taa'<br>تاء | |||
| ta'<br>تأ | | ta'<br>تأ | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ت</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ت</span> | ||
Line 3,137: | Line 3,309: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |<u>th</u>aaʼ <br>ثاء | ||
| | |<u>th</u>a' <br>ثأ | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ث</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ث</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـث</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ـث</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـثـ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ـثـ</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ثـ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ثـ</span> | ||
|/θ/ ( | |/θ/ (loanwords) | ||
|s | |s | ||
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. | |Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''s'' or ''t'' (or sometimes ''d''). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |jiim<br>جيم | ||
| | |jiim<br>جيم | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ج</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ج</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـج</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ـج</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـجـ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ـجـ</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">جـ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">جـ</span> | ||
|/d͡ʒ/ | |/d͡ʒ ~ t͡ʃ/ | ||
|j | |j | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |jhiim<br>ڃيم | ||
|jhiim<br>ڃيم | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڃ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڃ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڃـ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڃـ</span> | |||
|/ʄ/ | |||
|jh (Af Maay) | |||
| Used in Af Maay. Generally corresponds to ''dh'' or ''j'' in Af Maxaa. | |||
|- | |||
|chiim<br>چيم | |||
|chiim<br>چيم | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">چ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـچ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـچـ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">چـ</span> | |||
|/t͡ʃ/ | |||
| (ch) | |||
| Exclusively for foreign words (almost always replaced with ''jiim''). | |||
|- | |||
|xaa'<br>حاء | |||
|xa'<br>حأ | |xa'<br>حأ | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ح</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ح</span> | ||
Line 3,167: | Line 3,359: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |khaa'<br>خاء | ||
| kha'<br>خأ | | kha'<br>خأ | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">خ</span> | ||
Line 3,177: | Line 3,369: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |daal<br>دال | ||
| deel<br>ديل | | deel<br>ديل | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">د</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">د</span> | ||
Line 3,187: | Line 3,379: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |thaal<br>ذال | ||
| | | theel<br>ذيل | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ذ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ذ</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـذ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ـذ</span> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|/ð/ ( | |/ð/ (foreign); [ð] (weak allophone of /d/) | ||
|d | |d; th (Af Maay) | ||
| | |Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. It can also be used in native Sonali words for [ð], especially in Af Maay. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|dhaal<br>ڎال | |||
| | |||
| dheel | | dheel | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڎ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ڎ</span> | ||
Line 3,206: | Line 3,397: | ||
|/ɖ/ | |/ɖ/ | ||
|dh | |dh | ||
|Additional letter not present in Arabic. | |Additional letter not present in Arabic. Can be used as a less common alternative of ڟ. Alternatively, it can be used for /ɖ/ in "''dh''-dialects" in positions where it is replaced with /r/ in "''r''-dialects". | ||
|- | |- | ||
|raaʾ<br>راء | |||
| | |||
| ra'<br>رأ | | ra'<br>رأ | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ر</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ر</span> | ||
Line 3,219: | Line 3,409: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |zaay<br>زاي | ||
| za'<br>زأ | | za'<br>زأ | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ز</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ز</span> | ||
Line 3,225: | Line 3,415: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|/z/ ( | |/z/ (foreign) | ||
|s | |s | ||
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. | |Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''s''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |siin<br>سين | ||
| siin<br>سين | | siin<br>سين | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">س</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">س</span> | ||
Line 3,239: | Line 3,429: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |shiin<br>شين | ||
| shiin<br>شين | | shiin<br>شين | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ش</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ش</span> | ||
Line 3,249: | Line 3,439: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |ṣaad<br>صاد | ||
| ṣaad<br>صاد | | ṣaad<br>صاد | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ص</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ص</span> | ||
Line 3,256: | Line 3,446: | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">صـ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">صـ</span> | ||
|/sˁ/ (Arabic) | |/sˁ/ (Arabic) | ||
|s | | s | ||
| | | Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''s''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |ḍaad <br>ضاد | ||
| ḍaad<br>ضاد | | ḍaad<br>ضاد | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ض</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ض</span> | ||
Line 3,267: | Line 3,457: | ||
|/d͡ɮˁ/ (Arabic) | |/d͡ɮˁ/ (Arabic) | ||
|l, d | |l, d | ||
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. | |Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''d'' or ''l''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |ṭaa'<br>طاء | ||
| ṭa'<br>طأ | | ṭa'<br>طأ | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ط</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ط</span> | ||
Line 3,275: | Line 3,465: | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـطـ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ـطـ</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">طـ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">طـ</span> | ||
|/ | |/tˁ/ (Arabic); /d/ (back harmony) | ||
|d | |d | ||
| | |Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Used (optionally) in some Somali words for /d/ near back harmony vowels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |ṭhaa' <br>ظاء | ||
| | | ṭha'<br>ظأ | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ظ</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظ</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظـ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظـ</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظـ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ظـ</span> | ||
|/ðˁ/ | |/ðˁ/; [ð] (weak allophone of /d/, back harmony) | ||
|d | |d, th (Af Maay) | ||
| | |Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Can be used in Somali words for the [ð] allophone of /d/ near back harmony vowels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |dhaaʾ<br>ڟاء | ||
| dha'<br>ڟأ | | dha'<br>ڟأ | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڟ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ڟ</span> | ||
Line 3,299: | Line 3,489: | ||
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.<!-- Properly used for initial, post-consonantal, and geminated /ɖ/ (which is not replaced with /r/ in any dialect).--> | |Additional letter not present in Arabic.<!-- Properly used for initial, post-consonantal, and geminated /ɖ/ (which is not replaced with /r/ in any dialect).--> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |cayn<br>عين | ||
| cayn<br>عين | | cayn<br>عين | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ع</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ع</span> | ||
Line 3,315: | Line 3,505: | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغـ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغـ</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غـ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">غـ</span> | ||
|/ɣ/ | |/ɣ/ (Arabic); [ɣ] (weak allophone of /ɡ/) | ||
|q | |q; gh (Af Maay) | ||
| | |Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. It can also be used for the [ɣ] allophone of ''g'', especially in Af Maay. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |faaʾ<br>فاء | ||
| fa'<br>فأ | | fa'<br>فأ | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ف</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ف</span> | ||
Line 3,327: | Line 3,517: | ||
|/f/ | |/f/ | ||
|f | |f | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|vaaʾ<br>ڤاء | |||
| va'<br>ڤأ | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ف</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـف</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـفـ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">فـ</span> | |||
|/v/ | |||
|v (foreign) | |||
| Exclusively for foreign words (almost always replaced with <i>faa'</i>). | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |qaaf<br>قاف | ||
| qaaf<br>قاف | | qaaf<br>قاف | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ق</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ق</span> | ||
Line 3,335: | Line 3,535: | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـقـ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ـقـ</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">قـ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">قـ</span> | ||
|/q/ | |/q/; /ɠ~ʛ/ (Af Maay) | ||
|q | |q | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |kaaf<br>كاف | ||
| kaaf<br>كاف | | kaaf<br>كاف | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ك</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ك</span> | ||
Line 3,349: | Line 3,549: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |gaaf<br>ڭاف | ||
| gaaf<br>ڭاف | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڭ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڭ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڭـ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڭـ</span> | |||
|/ɡ/ | |||
|g | |||
|Additional letter not present in Arabic. | |||
<!-- | |||
|- | |||
|gaaf<br>ڬاف | |||
| gaaf<br>ڬاف | | gaaf<br>ڬاف | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڬ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ڬ</span> | ||
Line 3,357: | Line 3,568: | ||
|/ɡ/ | |/ɡ/ | ||
|g | |g | ||
|Additional letter not present in Arabic. | |Additional letter not present in Arabic.--> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |laam<br>لام | ||
| | | laam<br>لام | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ل</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ل</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـل</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ـل</span> | ||
Line 3,369: | Line 3,580: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |miim<br>ميم | ||
| | | miim<br>ميم | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">م</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">م</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـم</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ـم</span> | ||
Line 3,379: | Line 3,590: | ||
| Often represents /n/ when unvowelled word-finally. | | Often represents /n/ when unvowelled word-finally. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |ngiim<br>ݦيم | ||
| nuun<br> | | ngiim<br>ݦيم | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݦ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݦ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݦـ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݦـ</span> | |||
|/ŋ/ | |||
|ng | |||
| Used in Af Maay. Equivalent to final or pre-consonantal ''-n'' in Af Maxaa. Can instead be written with ''nuun''. | |||
|- | |||
|nuun<br>نون | |||
| nuun<br>نون | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ن</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ن</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـن</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ـن</span> | ||
Line 3,389: | Line 3,610: | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |nyuun<br>ݧون | ||
| nyuun<br>ݧون | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݧ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݧ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݧـ</span> | |||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݧـ</span> | |||
|/ɲ/ | |||
|ny (also written "y‘" in Af Maay) | |||
| Mainly used in Af Maay. It can also be used in Af Maxaa, but it is usually replaced with ''y'' or else written as ''ny''. | |||
|- | |||
|waaw<br>واو | |||
| woow<br>وو | | woow<br>وو | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">و</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">و</span> | ||
Line 3,397: | Line 3,628: | ||
|/w/<Br>/ɞ: ~ ɔ:/, /ʉ: ~ u:/ | |/w/<Br>/ɞ: ~ ɔ:/, /ʉ: ~ u:/ | ||
|w<br>oo, uu | |w<br>oo, uu | ||
|The letter '' | |The letter ''waaw'' serves three functions. Firstly, is as a consonant, with a sound /w/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /oː/ and /uː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for ''hamzah''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |haa'<br>هاء | ||
| ha'<br>هأ | | ha'<br>هأ | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ه<br>ة</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ه<br>ة</span> | ||
Line 3,407: | Line 3,638: | ||
|/h/ | |/h/ | ||
|h | |h | ||
| ' | | <i>Haa'</i> is also used silently at the end of nouns ending in /e/, /o/, (in Af Maay) /ə/. Such a silent <i>haa'</i> may be replaced with ''taa' marbuuṭah'' (ـَة، ة) in some words (generally feminine words and/or words that end in it in Arabic). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |yaa'<br>ياء | ||
| ya'<br>يأ | | ya'<br>يأ | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ي</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ي</span> | ||
Line 3,417: | Line 3,648: | ||
|/j/<Br>/eː ~ ɛ:/, /i: ~ ɪ:/ | |/j/<Br>/eː ~ ɛ:/, /i: ~ ɪ:/ | ||
| y<br>ee, ii | | y<br>ee, ii | ||
| The letter ' | | The letter <i>yaa'</i> serves three functions. Firstly, it is used as a consonant, with a sound /j/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /eː/ and /iː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for ''hamzah''. It can also be used silently at the ends of words ending in ''-e'' as an alternative to <i>haa'</i>. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|hamzah<br>همزة | |hamzah<br>همزة | ||
| hamse/firgin<br>همزه\ | | hamse/firgin<br>همزه\فرڭن | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ء<br>أ<br>ؤ<br>ئ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;">ء<br>أ<br>ؤ<br>ئ</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;"><br>ـأ<br>ـؤ<br>ـئ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;"><br>ـأ<br>ـؤ<br>ـئ</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;"><br><br><br>ـئـ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;"><br><br><br>ـئـ</span> | ||
|<span style="font-size:160%;"><br><br><br>ئـ</span> | |<span style="font-size:160%;"><br><br><br>ئـ</span> | ||
|/ʔ/ | |/ʔ/ | ||
| ’ | | ’ | ||
| It may be written on its own (ء) or with a carrier (أ، ؤ، ئ) depending on the environment. | | It may be written on its own (ء) or with a carrier (أ، ؤ، ئ) depending on the environment. | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Diacritics=== | ===Diacritics=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+Diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet | |+Diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"| Name | |||
! rowspan="2"| Diacritic | |||
! rowspan="2"|Sound represented | |||
! rowspan="2"|Latin equivalent | |||
! rowspan="2"|Remarks | |||
|- | |||
! Arabized !! Traditional (adjective) | |||
|- | |||
| فتحة<br>fatxah | |||
| كرڟبن<br>kordhaban | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َ</span> | |||
| /a/ | |||
| a | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| <br> | |||
| <br> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٖ</span> | |||
| /e/ | |||
| e | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| كسرة<br>kasrah | |||
| هوسڟبن<br>hoosdhaban | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span> | |||
| /i/ | |||
| i | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗ</span> | |||
| /o/ | |||
| o | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| ضمة<br>ḍammah | |||
| ڭدن<br>godan | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ُ</span> | |||
| /u/ | |||
| u | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
| <br> | |||
| <br> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌٘</span> | |||
| /ə(ʰ)/ | |||
| y (Af Maay) | |||
| Used in Af Maay. | |||
|- | |||
| مدة<br>maddah | |||
| مدن<br>madan | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٓ</span> | |||
| (aː) | |||
| (aa) | |||
| Only used on ''alif'' to represent the long vowel [aː]. | |||
|- | |||
| سكون<br>sukuun | |||
| ريبن<br>reebban | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ْ</span> | |||
| colspan="2"| (absence of vowel) | |||
| Used to show that a consonant is not followed by a vowel. It is also used on the second element of diphthongs, and optionally on the long vowel letter of long vowels. | |||
|- | |||
| شدة<br>shaddah | |||
| شدن<br>shadan | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ّ</span> | |||
| colspan="2"| (geminated consonant) | |||
| Used to show that a consonant is geminated. | |||
|- | |||
| <!--الف خنجرية<br>‘alif khanjariyyah--> | |||
| <br> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٰ</span> | |||
| /aː/ | |||
| aa | |||
| Used for /aː/ in a few words as an alternative to ـَا. | |||
|- | |||
| فتحتين\فتحة تنوين<br>fatxatayn/fatxah tanwiin | |||
| لب كرڟبن<br>laba kordhaban | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ً</span> | |||
| /an/ | |||
| an | |||
| rowspan="3"| In Arabic phrases only. | |||
|- | |||
| كسرتين\كسرة تنوين<br>kasratayn/kasrah tanwiin | |||
| لب هوسڟبن<br>laba hoosdhaban | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٍ</span> | |||
| /in/ | |||
| in | |||
|- | |||
| ضمتين\ضمة تنوين<br>ḍammatayn/ḍammah tanwiin | |||
| لب ڭدن<br>laba godan | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٌ</span> | |||
| /un/ | |||
| un | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Long vowels are written as the short vowel followed by the corresponding long vowel letter. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Long vowels in the Somali Arabic Alphabet | |||
|- | |||
! aa || ee || ii || oo || uu | |||
|-dir="rtl" | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span> | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Diphthongs in the Somali Arabic Alphabet | |||
|- | |||
! aw || ay || ey || ow || oy || aaw || aay || eey || oow || ooy | |||
|-dir="rtl" | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَوْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَيْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗيْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَاوْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَايْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيّْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوّْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗويْ</span> | |||
<!-- | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span> | |||
--> | |||
|} | |||
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). This ''alif'' actually has a ''hamzah'' on it; however, this ''hamzah'' is often left unwritten. However, /(ʔ)aː/ is written with ''maddah'' on ''alif'' (آ). <!--Long vowels are written as they would be in the middle of the word, except that ''waaw'' (و), and <i>yaa'</i> (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[w:Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif maddah]]'' (آ) is used.--> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+Vowels at the beginning of words in the Somali Arabic Alphabet | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "5" | Short vowels | |||
! colspan = "5" | Long vowels | |||
|- | |||
! a || e || i || o || u || aa || ee || ii || oo || uu | |||
|-dir="rtl" | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">آ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗو</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُو</span> | |||
|} | |||
<!-- | |||
Like in Arabic, ''sukūn'' (◌ْ) and ''shaddah'' (◌ّ) are used to indicate an unvowelled consonant and a geminate consonant respectively. They can also be used on the consonant letter of long vowels; however, they are more often dropped.--> | |||
===Adapted for other languages=== | |||
====Oromo==== | |||
Similar to Somali, but with the following changes: | |||
*ڀ for /pʼ/. | |||
*ڇ or ڃ for /tʃʼ/. | |||
*ط for /tʼ/ in native Oromo words. | |||
*ڠ for /ɡ/ instead of ڭ (though ڭ can alternatively be used). | |||
*ق for /kʼ/ in native Oromo words. | |||
*There is no ݦ. | |||
<!-- | |||
====Afar==== | |||
Similar to Somali. | |||
--> | |||
====Amharic and Tigrigna==== | |||
Similar to Oromo, with the following changes: | |||
*پ is exclusively used for /p/. | |||
** /β/ is represented identically to /v/: ڤ. | |||
*ژ for /ʒ/. | |||
*ڞ for /(t)sʼ/. | |||
*There is no ڟ. <!--Alternatively, it can be used for /tʃʼ/ instead of ڇ or ڃ.--> | |||
*څ for /xʼ/ (exclusive to Tigrigna). | |||
*Vowels: | |||
**/e/ and /o/ are written as Somali /eː/ and /oː/ respectively. | |||
**/ə/ is written as Somali /a/. | |||
**/a/ is written as Somali /aː/ (though it may be written as /a/ after guttural consonants). | |||
**/i/ and /u/ are written as Somali /i(ː)/ and /u(ː)/ respectively. They are most often written as the long variants except in Arabic loanwords. | |||
**/ɨ/ is written as Af Maay /ə/. | |||
**Labialized consonants are written either as a combination of consinant plus /w/, or with a ''ḍammah'' as follows (with /kʷ/ as an example): | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+Representation of labialized consonants | |||
|- | |||
! kʷə || kʷi || kʷa || kʷe || kʷ(ɨ) | |||
|-dir="rtl" | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كَُ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُِي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كَُا</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُٖي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُ</span> | |||
|} | |||
====Additional letters for other languages spoken in Ethiopia==== | |||
When needed, the following additional letters are used: | |||
*ݝ for /ŋ/. | |||
*ڮ for /kʼ/ when distinguished from /q/. | |||
*Gurage palatalized velars:<!-- are represented with ۦ (small <i>yaa'</i>) under the letter.--> | |||
**ك࣮ for /kʲ/. | |||
**عٔ for /ɡʲ/. | |||
**ٯٔ for /kʲʼ/. | |||
**حٔ for /xʲ/. | |||
*Retroflex: | |||
**ٿ for /ʈʂ/. | |||
**ڟ for /ʈʂʼ/ (instead of /ɖ/). | |||
**ݜ for /ʂ/. | |||
**ڙ for /ʐ/. | |||
*Implosives: | |||
**ڀ for /ɓ/ (instead of /pʼ/). | |||
**ڎ for /ɗ/. | |||
==Deslavic== | |||
Basically, a Slavic language that lost all (or most) distinctive Slavic features. | |||
Note: It's not that these features did not develop, but rather they did develop and then were lost. | |||
====Phonology==== | |||
Palatalization: | |||
*Palatalized consonants are lost, either merging with their plain counterparts or become a different consonant altogether. | |||
*When a root would have alterations between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants, one of these variants is selected and extended to all forms. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"} | |||
|+ Fate of palatalized consonants | |||
|- | |||
! Proto-Slavic !! Unpalatalized !! Palatalized | |||
|- | |||
| m | |||
|- | |||
| p | |||
|- | |||
| b | |||
|- | |||
| v | |||
|- | |||
| n | |||
|- | |||
| t | |||
|- | |||
| d | |||
|- | |||
| c | |||
|- | |- | ||
| dz | |||
|- | |- | ||
| s | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | z | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | r | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | l | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ň | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ť | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ď | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | č | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ždž | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | š | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ś | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ž | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ř | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ľ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| j | |||
|- | |- | ||
| k | |||
|- | |- | ||
| g | |||
|- | |- | ||
| x | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Endnotes== | ==Endnotes== |
edits