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→Noun-forming morphemes
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* ''meś-'' (to see) → ''miśaḫana'' (video) | * ''meś-'' (to see) → ''miśaḫana'' (video) | ||
* ''śod-'' (to know, understand) → ''śuddhana'' (rule) | * ''śod-'' (to know, understand) → ''śuddhana'' (rule) | ||
'''-tya''' ('''-dya''' after voiced stops; ''-ś-tya'' → '''-cya''') is a singulative suffix, denoting either a single thing of a collective noun, or a single constituent of a broader act. In modern coinings, it is also used to denote a division of something. | |||
* ''jo-'' (to hurry) → ''jūtya'' (run) | |||
* ''meś-'' (to see) → ''micya'' (a look) | |||
* ''tvorg-'' (to fear) → ''tūrgdya'' (fright, scare) | |||
* ''ślo-'' (to be left) → ''ślūtya'' (remain, residue; zero grade ablaut) | |||
* ''daśa'' (rain) → ''dacya'' (raindrop) | |||
'''-aC(-e)''', where C is the last consonant of the root, is one of multiple suffixes forming (mostly human, but not exclusively) agent nouns: | |||
* ''pūn-'' (to work) → ''pūnan'' (worker) | |||
* ''meś-'' (to see) → ''miśaśe'' (guard, warden) | |||
* ''brom-'' (to blow, wipe) → ''brūmam'' (wind; gale) | |||
'''-ar''' (ṛ-stem non ablauting, with lemma form in '''-ah''') with middle grade ablaut and '''-i-''' infixed before the last consonant forms agent (often occupational) nouns: | |||
* ''helk-'' (to dye) → ''helikah'' (dyer) | |||
* ''darś-'' (to dance) → ''dariśah'' (dancer) | |||
* ''nart-'' (to dream) → ''naritah'' (dreamer) | |||
'''-oba''' with zero grade ablaut and '''-nū-''' before the last consonant sequence of the root also forms agent nouns. It is never used with class I, VI, VII and VIII roots. | |||
* ''bog-'' (to steal) → ''bunūgoba'' (thief) | |||
* ''deh-'' (to use) → ''dinūhoba'' (user) | |||
* ''remy-'' (to help) → ''riṇūmyoba'' (helper) | |||
'''-īya''', with zero grade ablaut, forms mostly non-human agent nouns. It is no longer productive. | |||
* ''śan-'' (to breathe) → ''śñīya'' (nose) | |||
'''-eṣa''' forms collective nouns. | |||
* ''lila'' (person) → ''lileṣa'' (people) | |||
* ''ñältah'' (sister; (male's) sister; sibling) → ''ñältaɂeṣa'' "siblings; brothers and sisters" | |||
* ''laire'' (sky; air) → ''laireṣa'' (galaxy) | |||
'''-apa''', with zero grade ablaut, forms nouns referring to places and locations: | |||
* ''ij-'' (to teach) → ''yajapa'' (school) | |||
* ''dhroṣ-'' (to plow) → ''dhruṣapa'' (farm) | |||
(TBC) | (TBC) | ||