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[[Category: Gothic Romance]]
[[Category: Gothic Romance]]


{{Bpnjohnson.info|Old Valthungian|Sou Vlaðungiskou Tungou|soʊ̯ ˈwlɑ.ðʊŋ.ɡɪ.skoʊ̯ ˈtʊŋ.ɡoʊ̯|2018|Northern Italy, ca. 800ᴀᴅ‒1200ᴀᴅ|Indo-European|Indo-European|Germanic|East Germanic||||||}}
{{Bpnjohnson.info|Old Valthungian|Sou Vladyugutanei Tungou|soʊ̯ ˈwlɑ.ðʊ.ɡʊ.ta.neɪ̯ ˈtʊŋ.ɡoʊ̯|2018|Northern Italy, ca. 800ᴀᴅ‒1200ᴀᴅ|Indo-European|Indo-European|Germanic|East Germanic||||||}}


[[Old Valthungian]] represents a period in the development of the [[Valthungian]] language  
[[Old Valthungian]] represents a period in the development of the [[Valthungian]] language  
Line 18: Line 18:
language as it is captured in a few surviving texts believed to date to around  
language as it is captured in a few surviving texts believed to date to around  
950‒975<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>.
950‒975<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>.
==Major Changes from Griutungi (and Earlier) to Old Valthungian==
''N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described
features are limited to three characters. [[User:Bpnjohnson/Features_shorthand|Please refer
to the legend here.]]''
===Variation and Expansion of East Germanic Glide Insertion (~400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> ‒ [remains persistent])===
Glide Insertion in East Germanic developed differently in Gothic and Griutungi. In Gothic,
it applied optionally between two consecutive vowels only after a stressed vowel when one
of the vowels was /i(ː)/ (e.g. ''saian'' /sɛ̄an/ ‘to sow’ could have a third person singular
of either ''saiiþ'' /sɛ̄iθ/ or ''saijiþ'' /sɛ̄jiθ/. In Griutungi, however, it applies to both
front and back glide insertion (/j/ and /w/), is not optional, and applies to any consecutive
vowels where one of the vowels is not <code>+low</code>, so both the infinitive and third
person singular present indicative of ‘sow’ show glide insertion: ''sǣjan'', ''sǣjiþ''.
This rule remains persistent in the grammar of Griutungi through Old, Middle, and even Modern
Valthungian, though the environment of the rule may change slightly as the language changes.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''Ø'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''j'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''V'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
| + '''V'''
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-bck</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-low</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
''and''
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''Ø'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''w'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''V'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
| + '''V'''
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+bck</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-low</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
''“A glide ('''j''') is inserted between a non-low front vowel and a following vowel.”''
''“A glide ('''w''') is inserted between a non-low back vowel and a following vowel.”''
To describe it differently, a glide must be inserted between two consecutive (non-diphthong) vowels, the value of which (front or back) is determined by the value of the first vowel.
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="150"| P.Gmc.
!width="150"| Gothic
!width="150"| Griut.
!width="150"| O.Val.
!width="150"| M.Val.
!width="150"| Valth.
!width="200"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*sǭwilō''''' <br />/sɔːwiloː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sauil''''' <br />/sɔː.il/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sōwila''''' <br />/soːwilɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''saovgyila''''' <br />/sɔːu̯ɣilɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sougila''''' <br />/səu̯ɡilɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sōgila''''' <br />/sau̯ɡilɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘sun’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*sǣaną → *sǣidi''''' <br />/sɛːɑnɑ̃ → sǣiði/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: paleturquoise;"| '''''saian → saijiþ'''''<ref>The Gothic reflex of East Germanic Glide Insertion applies only when directly adjacent to a high ''front'' vowel; hence it applies to ''saijiþ'' (before /i/) but not ''saian'' (before /ɑ/).</ref> <br />/sɛːɑn → sɛːjiθ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sǣjan → *sǣjiþ''''' <br />/sɛːjɑn → sɛːjiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''saejjan → saejjiþ''''' <br />/sɛːʝjɑn → sɛːʝjiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''saezjen → saezjiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʒjən → se̞ːʒjiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sǣžin → sǣžiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʒin → se̞ːʒiθ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to sow’ → ‘sows’ (“soweth”)
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*rōaną → *rōidi''''' <br />/roːɑnɑ̃ → roːiði/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*rauan → *rauiþ''''' <br />/rɔːɑn → rɔːiθ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*rǭwan → *rǭwiþ''''' <br />/rɔːwɑn → rɔːwiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*raovgyan → raovgyiþ''''' <br />/rɔːu̯ɣɑn → rɔːu̯ɣiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''rougɴ → rougiþ''''' <br />/rəu̯ɡn̩ → rəu̯ɡiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''rōgna → rōgiþ''''' <br />/rau̯ɡnɑ → rau̯ɡiθ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to row’ → ‘rows’ (“roweth”)
|}
===Germanic Obstruent Devoicing (< 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> ‒ [remains persistent])===
Germanic Obstruent Devoicing is a rule inherited from Proto-Germanic which remains persistent in the grammar throughout the transition to East Germanic, Griutungi, Old, Middle, and modern Valthungian.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''C'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-vox</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;{&nbsp;# ''or''&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-vox</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+vox</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+obs</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+ctn</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
''“A voiced continuant obstruent (i.e. '''β''', '''ð''', or '''ɣ''') becomes devoiced ('''f''', '''θ''', or '''x''', respectively) when word-final or before an unvoiced consonant.”''
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="150"| P.Gmc.
!width="150"| Gothic
!width="150"| Griut.
!width="150"| O.Val.
!width="150"| M.Val.
!width="150"| Valth.
!width="200"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*gibaną → *gaf''''' <br />/ɡiβɑnɑ̃ → gɑɸ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''giban → gaf''''' <br />/ɡiβɑn → gɑɸ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*giban → *gaf''''' <br />/ɡiβɑn → gɑɸ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gibvan → gaf''''' <br />/ɡiβɑn → gɑɸ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''givɴ → gavf''''' <br />/ɡivn̩ → ɡɑf/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''givna → gaf''''' <br />/ɡivnɑ → ɡɑf/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to give’ → ‘gave’
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*rǣdaną → *rǣþ''''' <br />/rɛːðɑnɑ̃ → rɛːθ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''rēdan → rēþ''''' <br />/reːðɑn → reːθ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*rēdan → *rēþ''''' <br />/reːðɑn → reːθ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''reiðan → *reiþ''''' <br />/reɪ̯ðɑn → reɪ̯θ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''reiðɴ → reiðþ''''' <br />/rəi̯ðn̩ → rəi̯θ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''rēðna → rēþ''''' <br />/rai̯ðnɑ → rai̯θ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to speak’ → ‘speak!’
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōganą → *ahtǭ''''' <br />/oːɣɑnɑ̃ → ɑxtõː/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ōgan → ōhta''''' <br />/oːɣɑn → oːhtɑ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōgan → *ōhta''''' <br />/oːɣɑn → oːxtɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*ougyan → *ouhta''''' <br />/oʊ̯ɣɑn → oʊ̯xtɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ougɴ → oufta''''' <br />/əu̯ɡn̩ → əu̯ftɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ōgna → ōfta''''' <br />/ɑu̯gnɑ → ɑu̯ftɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to fear’ → ‘I feared’
|}
===Geminate Simplification I (< 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)===
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''Cː'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''C'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
| { '''C''', '''#'''
|}
''“A geminate becomes a single consonant when it occurs before another consonant or a word boundary.”''
This may have happened in two stages, the first being pre-consonantal and later before a word boundary, as evidenced by the retention of some word-final consonants in Gothic.
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="175"| P.Gmc.
!width="150"| Gothic
!width="150"| Griut.
!width="150"| O.Val.
!width="150"| M.Val.
!width="150"| Valth.
!width="175"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*swemmaną → *swamm''''' <br />/swemːɑnɑ̃ → swɑm(ː)/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*swimman → *swamm''''' <br />/swimːɑn → swɑm(ː)/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*swimman → *swam''''' <br />/swimːɑn → swɑm/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''svipman → svam''''' <br />/swipmɑn → swɑm/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''switmɴ → swam''''' <br />/switmn̩ → swɑm/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''suitman → suam''''' <br />/switmɑn → swɑm/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to swim’ → ‘swam’
|-
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*kunnaną → *kunþǭ''''' <br />/kunːɑnɑ̃ → kunθõː/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''kunnan → kunþa''''' <br />/kunːɑn → kunθɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*kunnan → *kunþa''''' <br />/kunːɑn → kunθɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''kutnan → kunþa''''' <br />/kutnɑn → kunθɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''kutnɴ → kunþa''''' <br />/kutnn̩ → kunθɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''kutnan → kunþa''''' <br />/kutnɑn → kunθɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to be able’ → ‘could’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*wessǭ → gawessaz''''' <br />/wesːõː → gɑˈwesːɑz/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissa → gawiss''''' <br />/wisːɑ → gaˈwis(s)/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''wissa → gawis''''' <br />/wisːɑ → gaˈwis/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''vihsa → gavis''''' <br />/wihsɑ → gɑˈwis/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa → gawis''''' <br />/wiːsɑ → gɑˈwis/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa → gawís''''' <br />/wiːsɑ → gɑˈwis/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘I knew’ → ‘certain’
|}
===Spirantization of Voiced Stops===
This is a change that had likely already started long before the division between Gothic and Griutungi, and probably happened similarly in Gothic as well. In the Griutungi lineage, it occurred in three distinct stages:
====Stage I ( < 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)====
Intervocalic voiced stops (i.e. /b/, /d/, and /g/) became spirantized: /β/, /ð/, and /ɣ/. This likely happened quite early, perhaps already by Proto-Germanic times, and was clearly in operation in Gothic as well.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''C'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+ctn</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| V ___ V
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+vox</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-ctn</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
''“A voiced non-continuant (i.e. stop) consonant becomes continuant (i.e. fricative) when intervocalic.”''
In more direct terms:
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''b'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''β'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| ''any vowel'' } ___ { ''any vowel''
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''d'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''ð'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''g'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''ɣ'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="75"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="100"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*hlaibai''''' <br />/xlɛːβɑi̯/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''hlaiba''''' <br />/hlɛːβɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*hlǣba''''' <br />/xlɛːβɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''hlaebva''''' <br />/xlɛːβɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þlaeva''''' <br />/θle̞ːvɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þlǣva''''' <br />/θle̞ːvɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘loaf.<span style="font-variant: small-caps">dat</span>’
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*mōdǣr''''' <br />/moːðɛːr/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*mōdar''''' <br />/moːðɑr/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*mōdar''''' <br />/moːðɑr/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''mouðar''''' <br />/moʊ̯ðɑr/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''mouðʀ''''' <br />/məu̯ðr̩/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''mōðra''''' <br />/mɑu̯ðrɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘mother’
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōganą''''' <br />/oːɣɑnɑ̃/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ougyan''''' <br />/oʊ̯ɣɑn/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ougɴ''''' <br />/əu̯ɡn̩/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ōgna''''' <br />/au̯ɡnɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to fear’
|}
====Stage II ( ~ 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)====
The same process occurred, but in Stage II the environment changes to include /l/ and /r/ before the stop and ''any'' sonorant (i.e. /l/, /r/, /m/, or /n/) after. This likely occurred before or during the time of Griutung proper, and may have happened in a similar environment in Gothic.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''C'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+ctn</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+son</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+son</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+vox</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-nas</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-ctn</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
''“A voiced non-continuant (i.e. stop) consonant becomes continuant (i.e. fricative) when preceded by a vowel or a liquid and followed by any sonorant (a vowel, a liquid, or a nasal).”''
In more direct terms:
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''b'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''β'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| V, l, r } ___ { V, l, r, m, n
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''d'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''ð'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''g'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''ɣ'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="75"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="100"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*seldalīkaz''''' <br />/seldɑliːkɑz/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sildaleiks''''' <br />/sildɑliːks/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sildalīks''''' <br />/sildɑliːks/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''sliðalijks''''' <br />/sliðɑliːks/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sliðalīks''''' <br />/sliðɑliːks/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sliðaliks''''' <br />/sliðɑliks/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘wonderful’
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*burgīniz''''' <br />/burɡiːniz/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''baurgeins''''' <br />/bɔrɡiːns/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*borgīns''''' <br />/bɔrɡiːns/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*breogyijns''''' <br />/brœɣiːns/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''broegīns''''' <br />/brø̞ɡiːns/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''brœgins''''' <br />/brø̞ɡins/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘protection’
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*ebnaz''''' <br />/ebnaz/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ibns''''' <br />/ibn̩s/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ibns''''' <br />/ibn̩s/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ibvns''''' <br />/iβn̩s/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ivɴs''''' <br />/ivn̩s/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ivnas''''' <br />/ivnɑs/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘even’
|}
====Stage III ( ~ 500<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)====
In the final stage, which happened significantly after the earlier two (probably not before 900<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>), the unvoiced continuants /f/ and /θ/, became voiced in the same environment as stage II.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''C'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+vox</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+son</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+son</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-vox</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-nas</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+ctn</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| (
| <code>-bck</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| )
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
''“An unvoiced non-back continuant (i.e. fricative other than /h/<ref>It is likely that '''h''' was actually included in this change, as evidenced by certain changes in the Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung, but that makes our formula more complicated and really doesn't change the outcome in any measurable way.</ref>) consonant becomes voiced when preceded by any non-nasal sonorant and followed by '''''any''''' sonorant.”''
In more direct terms:
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''f'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''β'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| V, l, r } ___ { V, l, r, m, n
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''þ'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''ð'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="75"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="100"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*walþuz''''' <br />/wɑlθuz/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*walþus''''' <br />/wɑlθus/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*walþus''''' <br />/wɑlθus/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''valðus''''' <br />/wɑlðus/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''walðus''''' <br />/wɑlðus/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''walðus''''' <br />/wɑlðus/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘forest’
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*wulfis''''' <br />/wulɸis/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*wulfis''''' <br />/wulɸis/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*wulfis''''' <br />/wulɸis/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''vulbvis''''' <br />/wulβis/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''wulvis''''' <br />/wulvis/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''wulvis''''' <br />/wulvis/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘wolf.<span style="font-variant: small-caps">gen</span>’
|}
===Stop Insertion after Nasals===
Building on an Late Indo-European rule that had some implications for the development of Proto-Germanic, this change is reflected in some Gothic spellings, but has not completely come into effect yet. The reconstruction of Griutungi posits the change as complete.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''Ø'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''C'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+son</code>   
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+son</code>       
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-ctn</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+nas</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''!+'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-nas</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+vox</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
''“A voiced stop is inserted between a nasal and a following liquid (where there is no morpheme boundary present).”''
In other words, '''b''' is inserted after '''m''' before '''l''' or '''r''', and '''d''' is inserted after '''n''' in the same environment, as long as the nasal and the following liquid are not separated by a word or morpheme boundary (so, for instance, ''un+rēkīs'' ‘non-toxic’ does not become ''**undrēkīs'' because ''un-'' is a separate morpheme). In all:
*'''ml → mbl'''
*'''mr → mbr'''
*'''nl → ndl'''
*'''nr → ndr'''
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="75"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="100"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*temrijaną''''' <br />/temrijɑnɑ͂/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: paleturquoise;"| '''''tim(b)rjan''''' <br />/tim(b)rjɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*timbrjan''''' <br />/timbrjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*timbrjan''''' <br />/ timbrjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''timbrjen''''' <br />/ timbriən/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''timbrin''''' <br />/timbrin/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to construct’
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*þunraz''''' <br />/θunrɑz/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*þunrs''''' <br />/θunr̩s/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*þundrs''''' <br />/θundr̩s/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*þundrs''''' <br />/θundr̩s/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''þundr''''' <br />/θundr̩/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''þundra''''' <br />/θundrɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘thunder’
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*sumaraz''''' <br />/sumɑrɑz/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*sumrs''''' <br />/sumr̩s/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sumbrs''''' <br />/sumbr̩s/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''sumbrs''''' <br />/sumbr̩s/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''sumbr''''' <br />/sumbr̩/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''sumbra''''' <br />/sumbrɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘summer’
|}
===Change of /fl/ to /θl/===
This is an expansion of an earlier change in East Germanic in which /fl/ became /θl/ in certain questionable environments which may or may not have included back vowels and/or velar consonants (there are only a handful of attested words where this change appears in writings of the time). Shortly after the Griutungi split, all remaining word-initial instances of /fl/ became /θl/.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''f'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''þ'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| #&nbsp;___&nbsp;l
|}
''“Word-initial '''f''' becomes '''þ''' before '''l'''.”''
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="75"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="100"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*fleuganą''''' <br />/fleuɣɑnɑ͂/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: paleturquoise;"| '''''*þliugan''''' <br />/θliu̯ɣɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*þliugan''''' <br />/θliu̯ɣɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þljugyan''''' <br />/θljuɣɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þljugan''''' <br />/θljuɡn̩/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þljugna''''' <br />/θljuɡnɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to fly’
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*flehtiz''''' <br />/flehtiz/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: paleturquoise;"| '''''þlaihts''''' <br />/θlɛhts/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*þlehts''''' <br />/θlehts/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*þlehts''''' <br />/θlehts/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''þlaets''''' <br />/θleːts/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''þlǣts''''' <br />/θle̞ːts/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘comfort’
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*flōduz''''' <br />/floːðuz/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''flōdus''''' <br />/floːðus/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*flōdus''''' <br />/floːðus/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''þlouðus''''' <br />/θlou̯ðus/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''þlōðus''''' <br />/θlɔu̯ðus/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''þlōðus''''' <br />/θlau̯ðus/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘river’
|}
===Voicing and Devoicing of Consonant Clusters===
====Voicing of Word-Final /s/ after a Voiced Consonant (~550<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)====
Word-final /s/ was voiced after /b/, /d/, and /g/. (And thus I dispense with the mystery of what the phonetic and phonemic value of the /g/ of Gothic ''dags'' might have been!)
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''s'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''z'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''C'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
| #
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+vox</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-ctn</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
''“Word-final '''s''' becomes voiced when following a voiced stop.”''
In more direct terms:
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''s'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''z'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| '''b''', '''d''', '''g''' }
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
| #
|}
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="75"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="100"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*þarbaz''''' <br />/θɑrbɑz/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þarbs''''' <br />/θɑrbs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*þarbs''''' <br />/θɑrbs/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''þarbz''''' <br />/θɑrbʐ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þarbž''''' <br />/θɑrbʒ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þarbž''''' <br />/θɑrbʒ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘needy, needful’
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*wendaz''''' <br />/wendaz/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''winds''''' <br />/winds/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*winds''''' <br />/winds/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''vindz''''' <br />/windʐ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''windž''''' <br />/windʒ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''winǧ''''' <br />/winʤ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘wind’
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*dagaz''''' <br />/dɑɣɑz/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''dags''''' <br />/dɑɡs/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*dags''''' <br />/dɑɡs/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''dagz''''' <br />/dɑɡʐ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''dagž''''' <br />/dɑɡʒ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''daǧ''''' <br />/dɑʤ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘day’
|}
====Devoicing of Word-Internal Obstruent Clusters====
Word-internal obstruent clusters (specifically '''z''' followed by a voiced stop consonant) are devoiced.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''z'''
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''C'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-vox</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| V ___ V
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+vox</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-ctn</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
''“A cluster consisting of '''z''' followed by a voiced stop becomes unvoiced when intervocalic.”''
In more direct terms:
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''zb'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''sp'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| ''any vowel'' } ___ { ''any vowel''
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''zd'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''st'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''zg'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''sk'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="125"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="125"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*razdō''''' <br />/rɑzdoː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''razda''''' <br />/rɑzdɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''razda''''' <br />/rɑzdɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''rasta''''' <br />/rɑstɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''rasta''''' <br />/rɑstə/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''rasta''''' <br />/rɑstɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘speech’
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*azgǭ''''' <br />/ɑzɡõː/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''azgō''''' <br />/ɑzɡoː/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*azgō''''' <br />/ɑzɡoː/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''askou''''' <br />/ɑskoː/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''asko''''' <br />/ɑsko/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''aska''''' <br />/ɑskɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘ashes’
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| ''Grk.'' '''''πρεσβύτεροι''''' <br />/prɛzbytɛriː/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''praizbwtairei''''' <br />/prɛːzbʏtɛriː/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*prezbyterī''''' <br />/prɛːzbʏtɛriː/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*prespyterij''''' <br />/prespʏteriː/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''prespyterī''''' <br />/prespyteriː/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''prespiteri''''' <br />/prespiteri/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘council of elders’
|}
===Clisis and Lexicalization===
Between 600 and 850<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>, many word boundaries were blurred in the Old Valthungian language. Several clitics became particles, while other words became inseparable.
====Lexicalization of East Germanic Clitics====
Several clitics that were common in earlier East Germanic languages became lexicalized, usually optionally. Often, words commonly combined with the clitics existed in two forms, leading to sometimes dramatic sound changes later on, e.g. ''þōzī'' ‘they who’ (Gothic ''þōzei'') became optionally ''þōzī'' or ''þōs ī,'' which after [[Old_Valthungian#Umlaut|Umlaut]] became ''þø̄zī'' [θøːziː] and ''þōs ī'' [θou̯s iː], and eventually modern Valthungian ''þœ̄ži'' [θø̞ːʒi] and ''þōs ī'' [θau̯s iː].
&nbsp;'''-ī# → #ī#'''<br />
&nbsp;'''-u- → #u#'''<br />
&nbsp;'''-uh# → #uh#'''<br />
&nbsp;'''-hun# → #hun#'''<br />
&nbsp;'''#ga- → #ga#'''
====Cliticization of Prepositions, Particles, and Determiners====
While these clitics were lexicalizing, other particles – mainly pronouns, prepositions, and determiners – were fusing. Particularly combinations of prepositions followed by articles or pronouns, and dative pronouns followed by accusative pronouns. (More about this later.)
===Changes to Geminate Consonants===
Between 500‒650<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> all of the geminate consonants inherited from Griutungi were condensed to a single consonant. This also put an end to a persistent rule inherited from Proto-Germanic whereby geminate consonants collapsed before and obstruent or a word-boundary, there being no more geminate consonants to encounter such an environment.
====Changes to Geminate Obstruents====
In geminate obstruents – that is, geminate stops and fricatives – the first obstruent of the pair is lenited to /h/. (Later, in a separate process of [[Middle_Valthungian#Compensatory_Lengthening|h-deletion]], these are eliminated completely.)
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''CC'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''hC'''
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-son</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
To put it another way:
<code>pp → hp</code><br />
<code>tt → ht</code><br />
<code>kk → hk</code><br />
<code>bb → hb</code><br />
<code>dd → hd</code><br />
<code>gg → hg</code>*<br />
<code>ff → hf</code><br />
<code>þþ → hþ</code><br />
<code>ss → hs</code>
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="100"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="80"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="100"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissō''''' <br />/wisːo͂ː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissa''''' <br />/wisːɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissa''''' <br />/wisːɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''vihsa''''' <br />/wihsɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa''''' <br />/wiːsɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa''''' <br />/wiːsɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘knew’
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''attô''''' <br />/ɑtːoːː/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''atta''''' <br />/ɑtːɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''atta''''' <br />/ɑtːɑ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ahta''''' <br />/ɑhtɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''āta''''' <br />/ɑːtɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''āta''''' <br />/ɑːtɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘Dad’
|-
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''addją, addjai''''' <br />/ɑdːjɑ͂, ɑd:jai/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''addi, addja''''' <br />/ɑd:i, ɑd:jɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''addi, addja''''' <br />/ɑd:i, ɑd:jɑ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ahdi, ehdja''''' <br />/ɑhdi, ɛhdi/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ādi, ǣdžja''''' <br />/ɑːdi, e̞ːdʒjɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''āde, ǣǧa''''' <br />/ɑːde̞, e̞ːʤɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘egg, egg.<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">dat</span>’
|}
====Changes to Geminate Sonorants====
In geminate sonorants – that is, geminate nasals and liquids – the first sonorant of the pair becomes <code>-son</code>, <code>-vox</code> and <code>-ctn</code>; that is, it is replaced by an unvoiced stop (in the same place of articulation).
=====Stage I=====
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''CC'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''C'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''C'''
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+son</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-son</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-vox</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-ctn</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
To put it another way:
<code>mm → pm</code><br />
<code>nn → tn</code><br />
<code>rr → tr</code><br />
<code>ll → tl</code>
=====Stage II=====
Much later, perhaps as late as 750 or 800<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>, '''pm''' shifts to '''tm''', but only in words which had previously contained geminate '''mm'''
<code>pm → tm</code>
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="75"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="125"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="100"| Valth.
!width="100"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''rennaną''''' <br />/renːɑnɑ͂/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''rinnan''''' <br />/rinːɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''rinnan''''' <br />/rinːɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ritnan''''' <br />/ritnɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ritnan''''' <br />/ritnɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ritnan''''' <br />/ritnɑn/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to run’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''allaz, allai''''' <br />/ɑlːɑz, ɑlːai/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''alls, alla''''' <br />/ɑl(ː)s, ɑlːɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''alls, alla''''' <br />/ɑl(ː)s, ɑlːɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''als, atla''''' <br />/ɑls, ɑtlɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''als, atla''''' <br />/ɑls, ɑtlɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''als, atla''''' <br />/ɑls, ɑtlɑ [ɑdɮɑ]/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘all, all.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dat</span>’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þammai''''' <br />/θɑmːai/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þamma''''' <br />/θɑmːɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þamma''''' <br />/θɑmːɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''þapma''''' → '''''þatma''''' <br />/θɑpmɑ → θɑtmɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þatma''''' <br />/θɑtmɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þatma''''' <br />/θɑtmɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘the.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dat</span>’
|}
===Vowel Changes===
====Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels====
Vowel lengthening applies mainly to monosyllabic function words such as articles, pronouns, and prepositions.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''V'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+lng</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| ___ #
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+str</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-lng</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
''“Stressed short vowels become long when word-final.”''
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="75"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="75"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''bi''''' <br />/bi/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''bi''''' <br />/bi/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''bi''''' <br />/bi/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''bij''''' <br />/biː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''bī''''' <br />/biː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''bī''''' <br />/biː/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘by’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þu''''' <br />/θu/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þu''''' <br />/θu/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þu''''' <br />/θu/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''þuv''''' <br />/θuː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þū''''' <br />/θuː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þū''''' <br />/θuː/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘you’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sa''''' <br />/sɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sa''''' <br />/sɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sa''''' <br />/sɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''saa''''' <br />/sɑː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sā''''' <br />/sɑː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sā''''' <br />/sɑː/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘the’
|}
<!--====Lengthening of /ij/====
All instances of '''ij''' become lengthened. (More accurately, '''ij''' becomes '''ī''', and then the persistent glide-insertion rule immediately restores '''j''' before a following vowel, but it's simpler to just say that '''ij''' becomes '''īj'''.) NB: Because of the orthography of Old Valthungian, in which the long vowel /iː/ is represented by 〈ij〉, this change is not represented in the orthography, but is indicated by other changes; for example, this change must have occurred before long diphthong breaking.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''i'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''ī'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| ___ '''j'''
|}
''“Short '''i''' is lengthened before '''j'''.”''
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="75"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="75"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ejō''''' <br />/ejoː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ija''''' <br />/ijɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ija''''' <br />/ijɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ija''''' <br />/iːjɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''īja''''' <br />/iːjɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''īja''''' <br />/iːjɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘her’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sneiwan''''' <br />/ˈsneiwɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sneiwan''''' <br />/ˈsniːwɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''snīwan''''' <br />/ˈsniːwɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''snijugyan''''' <br />/ˈsniːjuɣɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''snījugn''''' <br />/ˈsniːjuɡn̩/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''snījugna''''' <br />/ˈsniːjuɡnɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to snow’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frejōndz''''' <br />/frejoːndz/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frijōnds''''' <br />/frijoːnds/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frijōnþs''''' <br />/frijoːnθs/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''frijounþs''''' <br />/friːjoːnθs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frījonþs''''' <br />/friːjonθs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frīnþs''''' <br />/friːnθs/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘friend’
|}-->
====Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory====
The high rising diphthong '''iu''' becomes a falling diphthong and is reanalyzed as a glide.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''iu'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''ju'''
|}
“'''i''' becomes '''j''' before '''u'''.”
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="75"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="75"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''deupiþō''''' <br />/deu̯piθoː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''diupiþa''''' <br />/diu̯piθɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''diupiþa''''' <br />/diu̯piθɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''djupiða''''' <br />/djupiðɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''džjupiða''''' <br />/ʤjupiðɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǧupiða''''' <br />/ʤupiðɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘depth’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''newun''''' <br />/newun/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''niun''''' <br />/niu̯n/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''niun''''' <br />/niu̯n/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''njun''''' <br />/njun/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''njun''''' <br />/njun/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''njun''''' <br />/njun/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘nine’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''uppai''''' <br />/uppai̯/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''iupa''''' <br />/iu̯pɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''iupa''''' <br />/iu̯pɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''jupa''''' <br />/jupɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jupa''''' <br />/jupɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jupa''''' <br />/jupɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘up, above’
|}
====Umlaut====
Ī/J-Umlaut (hereafter referred to merely as “Umlaut,” as no other types of Umlaut occur in the diachrony of the Valthungian language) occurs fairly early in comparison to some of the other Germanic languages, though it has some particular quirks that other Germanic languages lacked.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''V'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-bck</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
| C…*{ī,j
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+str</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|rowspan=2 colspan=6| *''Where … can only cross<br />one syllable boundary.''
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+bck</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|}
“''A stressed back vowel becomes fronted when '''ī''' or '''j''' occurs in the following syllable.''”
This rule remains productive in the grammar at least through the change of iu to ju, because short '''i''' does not trigger umlaut. However, the vowel in '''ju''' from earlier '''iu''' is not subject to umlaut.
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="85"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="75"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sandijaną''''' <br />/ˈsɑndijɑnɑ̃/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sandjan''''' <br />/ˈsɑndjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sandjan''''' <br />/ˈsɑndjɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''sendjan''''' <br />/ˈsɛndjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sendžjen''''' <br />/ˈsenʤjən/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''senǧin''''' <br />/ˈsenʤin/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to send’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gahanhijô''''' <br />/gɑˈhɑnhijoːˑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gahāhjō''''' <br />/gɑˈhɑːhjoː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gahāhjō''''' <br />/gɑˈhɑːhjoː/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''gahaehjou''''' <br />/gɑˈhɛːhjoː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gahǣšjo''''' <br />/gɑˈhe̞ːçjo/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gahǣša''''' <br />/gɑˈhe̞ːʃɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘orderly’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''auþijaz''''' <br />/ˈauθijaz/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''auþeis''''' <br />/ˈɔːθiːs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǭþīs''''' <br />/ˈɔːθiːs/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''eaoðijs''''' <br />/ˈœːðiːs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''œ̄ðīs''''' <br />/ˈø̞ːðiːs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''œ̄ðis''''' <br />/ˈø̞ːðis/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘deserted’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wurkijaną''''' <br />/ˈwurkijɑnɑ̃/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''waurkjan''''' <br />/ˈwɔrkjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''workjan''''' <br />/ˈwɔrkjɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''weorkjan''''' <br />/ˈwœrkjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wœrkšjen''''' <br />/ˈwø̞rkʃjən/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wœrčin''''' <br />/ˈwø̞rʧin/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to work’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dōmijaną''''' <br />/ˈdoːmijɑnɑ̃/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dōmjan''''' <br />/ˈdoːmjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dōmjan''''' <br />/ˈdoːmjɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''deoumjan''''' <br />/ˈdøːmjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dœymjen''''' <br />/ˈdø̞ymjən/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dœumin''''' <br />/ˈdœy̑min/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to judge’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sunjō''''' <br />/ˈsunjoː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sunja''''' <br />/ˈsunjɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sunja''''' <br />/ˈsunjɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''seunja''''' <br />/ˈsynjɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''synja''''' <br />/ˈsynjɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''synia''''' <br />/ˈsyniɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘truth’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''garūnijai''''' <br />/gɑˈruːnijai̯/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''garūnja''''' <br />/gɑˈruːnjɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''garūnja''''' <br />/gɑˈruːnjɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''gareuvnja''''' <br />/gɑryːnjɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''garȳnja''''' <br />/gɑˈryːnjɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''garȳnia''''' <br />/gɑˈryːniɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘mystery.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dat</span>’
|}
===Change of Word-Initial /j/ to /g/===
This is sometimes considered a part of Verschärfung, but I'm placing it here because it must necessarily occur contemporaneously with the <code>iu → ju</code> change above. More specifically, there are a small number of words which begin with the sequence ⟨jiu-⟩, and this sequence as a whole becomes ⟨gju-⟩.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''j'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''ɣ'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| # ___ '''iu'''
|}
“'''j''' becomes '''ɣ''' before '''iu''' when word-initial.”
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="75"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="75"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jehwlą ''''' <br />/ˈjexʷ.lɑ̃/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiul''''' <br />/jiu̯l/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiul''''' <br />/jiu̯l/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''gyjul''''' <br />/ɣjul/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gžjul''''' <br />/gʒjul/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǧul''''' <br />/ʤul/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘Yule’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jeukaną''''' <br />/ˈjeukɑnɑ͂/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiukan''''' <br />/ˈjiu̯kɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiukan''''' <br />/ˈjiu̯kɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''gyjukan''''' <br />/ˈɣjukɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gžjukn''''' <br />/gʒjukn̩/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǧukna''''' <br />/ʤuknɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to conquer’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wesilōną''''' <br />/ˈwesiloːnɑ͂/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''iusilōn''''' <br />/ˈiu̯siloːn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiusilōn''''' <br />/ˈjiu̯siloːn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''gyjusiloun''''' <br />/ˈɣjusiloːn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gžjusilon''''' <br />/ˈgʒjusilon/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǧusilan''''' <br />/ˈʤusilɑn/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to improve’
|}
===Rhotacism Launch===
The phoneme /z/ begins the same process towards rhotacism seen in the other Germanic languages. This change occurs in all environments.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''z'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''ʐ'''
|}
“'''z''' becomes '''ʐ''' in all environments.”
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="75"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="75"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dagaz ''''' <br />/ˈdɑɣɑz/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dags''''' <br />/dɑxs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dags''''' <br />/dɑɣz/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''dagz''''' <br />/dɑɡʐ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dagž''''' <br />/dɑɡʒ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''daǧ''''' <br />/daʤ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘day’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''hwazuhw''''' <br />/ˈxʷɑzux/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ƕazuh''''' <br />/ˈʍɑzuh/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''hwazuh''''' <br />/ˈxwɑzux/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''hvazuh''''' <br />/ˈxwɑʐux/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''hwažū''''' <br />/ˈxwɑʒuː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''hwažu''''' <br />/ˈxwɑʒu/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘each’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''marzijaną''''' <br />/ˈmɑrzijɑnɑ͂/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''marzjan''''' <br />/ˈmɑrzjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''marzjan''''' <br />/ˈmɑrzjɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''merzjan''''' <br />/ˈmerʐjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''mežjen''''' <br />/ˈmeʒjən/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''mežin''''' <br />/ˈmeʒin/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to offend’
|}
===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung===
There are actually several changes which occurred at different time periods which have been assembled here under the banner of “Verschärfung”. All of these changes deal with the way glide consonants change in intervocalic environments between the Gothic and Old Valthungian Periods.
====Change of /w/ to /wg/====
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''w'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''wg'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| '''V'''
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''V'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-str</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|}
====Change of /j/ to /gj/====
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''j'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''ʝj'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| '''V'''
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''V'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-str</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|}
====Change of /h/ to /gw/====
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''h'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''gw'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| '''V'''
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''V'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-str</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|}
====Change of /hw/ to /gw/====
(Much later...)
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''hw'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''gw'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| '''a(ː)'''
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''V'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-str</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|}
===Breaking of Long Diphthongs===
The “long diphthongs” which can be the result of Verschärfung undergo breaking and the two vowels are separated by a glide: /w/ if the first vowel is <code>+bck</code> and /j/ if the first vowel is <code>-bck</code>.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''V̄V'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''V̄'''
| '''{ j,w }'''
| '''V'''
|}
===Deletion of Final Unstressed /a/===
Unstressed word-final '''a''' is deleted after '''m''', '''n''', and '''t'''; however, it is retained by analogy in inflections, such as the ending of the first person singular present indicative, or the dative singular of many masculine and neuter nouns.  Ultimately, this mainly leads to the shortening of some prepositions and change of the neuter ''-ata'' ending to ''-at''.
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''a'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''Ø'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''C'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;''or''&nbsp; '''t''' }
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;#
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+nas</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
“''Unstressed '''a''' is deleted word-finally after a nasal consonant or '''t'''.''”


==Phonology of Old Valthungian ca. 950<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>==
==Phonology of Old Valthungian ca. 950<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>==
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/360754"

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