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In any case, speakers from all branches borrow from each other colloquially and in attempts to sound worldy and sophisticated, but the NE and NW branches are more likely to calque or "traditionalise" vocabulary from the South. | In any case, speakers from all branches borrow from each other colloquially and in attempts to sound worldy and sophisticated, but the NE and NW branches are more likely to calque or "traditionalise" vocabulary from the South. | ||
The fourth and already briefly mentioned grouping is the "Arctic" grouping. This is the most controversial grouping, as speakers are not entirely sure if it's a new dialect group (often considered to be descended from the North-East dialect) or an ancient one, or equal to both East and West groupings in age. | |||
* Arctic (???) | |||
: The Arctic dialects are seemingly related to the North-East dialects based on vowel breaking. The extend and range of this grouping is uncertain. | |||
==Sound Changes== | ==Sound Changes== | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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* /[e~ɛ]+u/ yields /jø/ | * /[e~ɛ]+u/ yields /jø/ | ||
* /[e~i?]+a/ yields /jɛ/ | * /[e~i?]+a/ yields /jɛ/ | ||
** /ja/ > /jɛ/ despite technically being /ĭa/ in some analyses is | ** /ja/ > /jɛ/ despite technically being /ĭa/ in some analyses is dialectal, and a very late shift in those dialects. | ||
* /o+i/ yields /œ/ ⟨ö⟩ (?) (does o even come up now?) | * /o+i/ yields /œ/ ⟨ö⟩ (?) (does o even come up now?) | ||
* /ɔ+i/ yields /jœ/ | * /ɔ+i/ yields /jœ/ | ||
| Line 38: | Line 43: | ||
====Voicing==== | ====Voicing==== | ||
* Before palatalisation, all fricatives undergo voicing. Afterwards, they either devoice again or collapse into a plosive, like with /ð/ > /d/. | * Before palatalisation, all fricatives undergo voicing. Afterwards, they either devoice again or collapse into a plosive, like with /ð/ > /d/. | ||
===Dialectal Variations=== | |||
ARCTIC: | |||
* All three major dialects lengthen stressed open syllables, and merge ⟨tj⟩ and ⟨j⟩ | |||
* Dialects #2 and #3 have a 5 vowel system with ä and e merging, and ö and o merging | |||
* Dialect #3 makes intervocalic plosives in open syllables voiced fricatives, and makes geminated plosives into geminated voiceless fricatives. | |||
WEST: | |||
* /iu/ > /y/, not /ju/ | |||
==Word List== | ==Word List== | ||
E = East, W = West, S = South, A = Arctic #1, Q = Arctic #2, Z = Arctic #3 (there's more than #2 and #3 they're pretty much combinations of the two (or not) with 3 vowel systems (or not0 - in particular, there's also a sort of 2.5 where plosives are either unvoiced or voiced fricatives, e.g. jorga > jokka or jooga) | |||
Southern dialect choices are generally only shown when there is a clear preference. | |||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
* alp: kytmontä | * alp: kytmontä (W, S) [white + mountain] | ||
* boss: pätyrga, yrgapät | * boss: jorgapäti (E), pätyrgi (W), pätyrga, yrgapät (S), jorgapeeti (A,Q) [< jorga + päti] | ||
* cat: kätti (E,S,A), kätt (W), ketti (Q), keþþi (Z) [< *katti] | |||
* cat: kätti | * (?) dark: mjörku > jörku | ||
* dark: mjörku > jörku | * dog: tjuppi, juppi (E,W,S,A,Q), juɸɸi (Z) | ||
* dog: tjuppi, juppi | * God: jupå (E,W,S), juupåå (A), juupoo (Q), juu (Z) [< *diuspa] | ||
* God: | * lord, master: päti (E), pät (W,S), pääti (A), peeti (Q), peeði (Z) [< *pati] (S uses päi colloquially) | ||
* mountain: montäja, montä (E,W,S) [< *muntanja<!--actually montānea-->] | |||
* sea: djö > jö (vétti~jatta) [< *deu-<!--actually saiwi-->] | |||
* see, know 1: jutti (E), ytti (W,S), jussi (A,Q,Z) [presumed to be < *widti, which also yielded vétta] | |||
* see, know 2: vétta (E,S,A,Q), vétt (W), veþþa (Z) | |||
* snow: jö (E,W,S), jöö (A), joo (Q,Z) [< *naigu] | |||
* triangle: tjåna (E,W,S), jååna (A), joona (Q,Z) [< tjä+åna] | |||
* water 1: jö (E,W,S), jöö (A), joo (Q,Z) [from sea/snow] | |||
* water 2: åkko (E), åkk (W), åppa (S), okko (Q), oqqo (Z) [< *akwa] | |||
* wet, liquid 1: vétti (E), vétt (W), viþþi (Z) [< vitti < *v_tt_] | |||
* wet, liquid 2: jatta (E,A,Q), jatt (W) [< vjatta < *v_tt_] | |||
* work: jorga (E), yrgi (W), yrga (S), jorga (A,Q), joova (Z) [< *jurg(a)-] | |||
===Colour=== | |||
* black: jörku (E, A), jörk (W,S), jokku (Q), johhu (Z) [< *merku] | |||
* white 1: tjuti (E), kyt (W,S), juuti (A,Q), juuði (Z) [< *kiut-] | |||
* white 2: tjätta (E), tjätt (W), jätta (A), jetta (Q), jeþþa (Z) [< *pétt-] | |||
===Family=== | |||
(In the Arctic dialects these get a bit more complicated) | |||
* father: på, päja (-jä too) | * father: på, päja (-jä too) | ||
* mother: må, mäja | * mother: må, mäja | ||
* brother: rå, räja | |||
* sister: sosto, söja | |||
===Verb Roots=== | |||
* √amm- (amma, ämmi, åmmu) | |||
* √da- (då, dä, då) | |||
* √dast- (dasta, dästi, dåstu) | |||
* √es- (jäsa, isa, jösu) | |||
* √pesk- (tjäska, piski, jösku) | |||
* √jö- (jo, jö, jö) [< neu] | |||
* √sta-, √est- (stå, jästa; stä, isti; stå, jöstu) | |||
* √ | |||
* √ | |||
===Numerals=== | |||
* | * #1: jäti (E), jät (W,S), jääti (A), jeeti (Q), jeeði (Z) | ||
* #2: vå (E,W,S), våå (A), voo (Q,Z) | |||
* #3: tjä (E,W,S), jää (A), jee (Q,Z) | |||
* #4: <!--kotu/kot/ottur/-->vottu (E), vott (W), jöötu (A), jootu (Q), jooðu (Z) | |||
* #5: <!--pjönku > tjönku ~ (t)jömpu -> --> jöppi (E,A), jöpp (W), joppi (Q), joɸɸi (Z) | |||
* | * #6: <!--soksa/joksi/-->jöksi (E,A), soks (W), joksi (Q), jossi (Q,Z) | ||
* #7: <!--sette/-->jäpta (E,A), jäpt (W), jetta (Q), jeþþa (Z) | |||
* #8: åttå, attå (E,W,A), otto (Q), oþþo (Z) | |||
* #9: jöa (E,W), jööa (A), jooa (Q,Z) [< njöa] | |||
* | |||
* #4: <!--kotu/kot/ottur/-->vottu | |||
* #5: <!--pjönku > tjönku ~ -->( | |||
* #6: <!--soksa/joksi/-->jöksi | |||
* #7: <!--sette/-->jäpta | |||
* #8: åttå, attå | |||
* #9: njöa | |||
{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||