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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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| gloss = three-<small>ABL</small>. book-<small>ABL.SG</small>. see-<small>EXP-PAT-PRES.3SG.IND</small>. lie_on-<small>EXP-PAT-PRES.3SG.IND</small>. cat-<small>ABL.SG</small>=and. | | gloss = three-<small>ABL</small>. book-<small>ABL.SG</small>. see-<small>EXP-PAT-PRES.3SG.IND</small>. lie_on-<small>EXP-PAT-PRES.3SG.IND</small>. cat-<small>ABL.SG</small>=and. | ||
| translation = I see the three books, as well as the cat lying on them. | | translation = I see the three books, as well as the cat lying on them. | ||
}} | |||
===Explicit and unmarked topic=== | |||
Explicit topic (''iḍiṭa tatsampra'') is typically used for marking an element that has a semantic but not syntactic role in the sentence. Many basic sentences make use of explicit topicalization, such as existentials, predicative possessions, or telling one's age: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = yuna ba mūmaiḍor̃esi lo. | |||
| morphemes = yuna ba mūmaiḍor̃-esi lo-∅-∅-∅ | |||
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. 19<sub>12</sub>-<small>ORD.DIR</small>. go-<small>EXP-PAT-PRES.3SG.IND</small>. | |||
| translation = I am in my 19<sub>12</sub>th year of age. <small>''(i.e. I am 20<sub>10</sub>.)''<ref>Dundulanyä age reckoning counts the number of the ongoing year, not how many years have passed - thus a newborn is in their first year, and a 20-years-old is in their twenty-first year.</ref></small> | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = yuna ba ñältēve tedīya. | |||
| morphemes = yuna ba ñält-ēve ta<i>dī-∅-∅-a | |||
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. sister-<small>DIR.DU</small>. <small>PLACE</small>.stand<small>.PERF-EXP-PAT-3.IND</small>. | |||
| translation = I have two sisters. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = yuna ba līvā śulka dvārma amyūva. | |||
| morphemes = yuna ba līv-ā śulka dvārma a-myū-∅-∅-a | |||
| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. apartment-<small>LOC.SG</small>. five.<small>DIR</small>. room.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>PERF</small>-lie.<small>MASSES-EXP-PAT-PERF.3.IND</small>. | |||
| translation = In my apartment there are five rooms. | |||
}} | }} | ||