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→Particles (riṇūmyobai)
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====Postpositions==== | ====Postpositions==== | ||
* '''araṇa''' (+ bound form (accusative in formal usage)) is an ornative particle, originally a perfect form of the class 0 root ''raṇ-'' (to equip, to confer), e.g. ''dvārmev '''araṇa''' līve'' (formal: ''dvārmeyītha araṇa līve'') "two-room flat". | * '''araṇa''' (+ bound form (accusative in formal usage)) is an ornative particle, originally a perfect form of the class 0 root ''raṇ-'' (to equip, to confer), e.g. ''dvārmev '''araṇa''' līve'' (formal: ''dvārmeyītha araṇa līve'') "two-room flat". | ||
====Particles expressing time==== | |||
The following table shows the main particles used for expressions of time, which can have different meanings depending on the cases used: | |||
'''N.B.''' that the "weekdays" used in the table (''emibe-laire'', ''rirä-laire'' etc.) simply mean "day 1", "day 2" etc. and are placeholders used as long as the Dundulanyä calendar is not detailed. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Particle !! Case/Mood !! Meaning !! Example | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=5 | selakat !! <small>Ablative</small> | |||
| ago || '''nältū naṃśālū selakat''' four years ago | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Bound form</small> | |||
| for/since || '''nälte naṃśāla selakat''' for four years | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Bound forms and ''-t'' clitic</small> | |||
| between; from ... until || '''emibe-lairet rirä-lairet selakat''' between Weekday1 and Weekday2 | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Imperfective subjunctive</small> | |||
| until (action underway) || '''drūvāt selakat''' until you'll do it, until you'll be doing it | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Perfective subjunctive</small> | |||
| until (completed action) || '''adrūvāt selakat''' until you'll have done it | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | biśat !! <small>Ablative</small> | |||
| in ... time<br/><small>(at the end of a certain period of time)</small><br/>by || '''nältū naṃśālū biśat''' in four years, four years from now<br/>'''śulka-lairū biśat''' by Weekday5 | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Bound form</small> | |||
| in<br/><small>(within, during a certain period of time)</small> || '''nälte naṃśāla biśat''' for the coming four years, until four years from now | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Imperfective situational</small> | |||
| as long as (action underway) || '''drāpūvi biśat''' as long as you are/will be doing it, throughout the whole time you are/will be doing it | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Perfective situational</small> | |||
| as long as, before (completed action) || '''adrāpūvi biśat''' throughout the whole time until you did/will have done it | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | prāyo !! <small>Bound form</small> | |||
| rowspan=3 | after || '''nälte naṃśāla prāyo''' after four years | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Imperfective subjunctive</small><sup>1</sup> | |||
| '''drūvāt prāyo''' after you('ll have) started doing it | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Perfective subjunctive</small><sup>1</sup> | |||
| '''adrūvāt prāyo''' after you did/will have done it | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | anuyo !! <small>Bound form</small> | |||
| before || '''nälte naṃśāla anuyo''' four years before | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Imperfective subjunctive</small><sup>1</sup> | |||
| '''drūvāt anuyo''' before you('ll have) started doing it | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Perfective subjunctive</small><sup>1</sup> | |||
| '''adrūvāt anuyo''' before you did/will have done it | |||
|} | |||
# '''prāyo''' and '''anuyo''' are particles; in colloquial, informal and neutral styles, the corresponding adverbs '''prāśā''' (after) and '''anuśā''' (before) can be used instead in the phrases with subjunctive verbs. | |||
===Derivational morphology (''vāb̃lavona hufāmvailaḫlana'')=== | ===Derivational morphology (''vāb̃lavona hufāmvailaḫlana'')=== | ||