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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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* ''-Cla-'' nouns have their oblique stem in ''-Cṛ-'' (through intermediate *-Cl̥-), e.g. ''sislam'' "door" → oblique stem ''sisṛm-'' (PreD *sisl̥m-), whence e.g. accusative ''sisṛmat''. | * ''-Cla-'' nouns have their oblique stem in ''-Cṛ-'' (through intermediate *-Cl̥-), e.g. ''sislam'' "door" → oblique stem ''sisṛm-'' (PreD *sisl̥m-), whence e.g. accusative ''sisṛmat''. | ||
Such stems are also used in derivational morphology, see e.g. ''prāsisṛmapa'' (backyard) for an example with the root ''sislam''. | Such stems are also used in derivational morphology, see e.g. ''prāsisṛmapa'' (backyard) for an example with the root ''sislam''. | ||
==Writing system (''gūstyeṣa'')== | |||
<!-- [[File:Chlouvānem-script-parts.png|thumbnail|The word ''chlǣvānem'' in the language's native script, with the parts colour-coded according to function.]] --> | |||
Dundulanyä has been written since the early 2nd millennium in an abugida called ''dundulanyä gūstyeṣafa'' or ''dundulanyä gūstyeṣarān'' ("Dundulanyä script", the noun ''gūstyeṣa'' is actually a collective derivation from ''gūṣtya'' "character", ultimately from the root ''√gos-'' "to cut"), developed with influence of the [[Lannä|Lannä script]]. Quite interestingly, while in the earliest forms of the Lannä script adapted for Dundulanyä there are diacritics and derived forms, some of those were later replaced by apparent ex nihilo new characters: as Dundulanyä has 43 consonant phonemes compared to the mere 19 of Lannä, it is clear by comparing different stages of the writing system that the disambiguation of different consonants through shapes and not just diacritics has been the main factor causing the script to change.<br/>The orthography for Dundulanyä represents how it was pronounced in Classical times, but it's completely regular to read in all present-day local pronunciations, despite variations, especially for the letters '''ḍ, ḍh''' and '''q''' and the diphthongs '''ai''' and '''au'''. | |||
The Dundulanyä alphabet is distinguished by a large number of curved letter forms, arising from the need of limiting horizontal lines as much as possible in order to avoid tearing the leaves on which early writers wrote. A few glyphs have diagonal or vertical lines, but in pre-typewriting times there was a tendency to have them slightly curved; however, horizontal lines are today found in the exclamation and question marks (which are early modern inventions) and in mathematical symbols; the ''vikṣecūlte'', or inherent-vowel-cancelling sign, is also nowadays often represented as a horizontal stroke under the consonant, following the most common handwriting styles; however, formerly it was (and formally still is) written as a subscript circumflex. | |||
Being an abugida, vowels (including diphthongs) are mainly represented by diacritics written by the consonant they come after (some vowel diacritics, however, are actually written before the consonant they are tied to); '''a''' is however inherent in any consonant and therefore does not need a diacritic sign. Consonant clusters are usually representing by stacking the consonants on one another (with those that appear under the main consonant sometimes being simplified), but a few consonants such as '''r''' and '''l''' have simplified combining forms. The consonant '''ṃ''' is written with diacritics and can't appear alone. There are also special forms for final '''-m''', '''-t''', '''-k''', and '''-h''' due to their commonness; other consonants without inherent vowels have to be written with a diacritic sign called ''vikṣecūlte'' (deleter), which has the form of a subscript circumflex or, most commonly, subscript horizontal stroke, or as conjunct consonants. | |||
The romanization used for Dundulanyä represents each phoneme via a single character or digraph, but it stays as close as possible to the native script. Aspirated stops and diphthongs are romanized as digraphs and not by single letters; geminate letters, which are represented with a diacritic in the native script, are romanized by writing the consonant twice - in the aspirated stops, only the first letter is written twice, so /ppʰ/ is '''pph''' and not *phph. | |||
Romanization table in native alphabetical order, grouping consonants in ''laḫlai'' (groups) as done in native analyses: | |||
{| class="redtable lightredbg" align="center" style="text-align: center; width: 40%" | | |||
|- | |||
|+ Consonants | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | cihelaḫla<br/>(labials) || ''m'' !! ''p'' !! ''ph'' !! ''b'' !! ''bh'' !! ''f'' !! ''v'' | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|/m/}} || {{IPA|/p/}} || {{IPA|/pʰ/}} || {{IPA|/b/}} || {{IPA|/bʱ/}} || {{IPA|/ɸ/}} || {{IPA|/ʋ/}} | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | glipicihelaḫla<br/>(linguolabials) || ''m̃'' !! ''p̃'' !! ''p̃h'' !! ''b̃'' !! ''b̃h'' !! ''r̃'' !! | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|/n̼/}} || {{IPA|/t̼/}} || {{IPA|/t̼ʰ/}} || {{IPA|/d̼/}} || {{IPA|/d̼ʱ/}} || {{IPA|/ɹ̼/}} || | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | yasaṃlaḫla<br/>(dentals) || ''n'' !! ''t' !! ''th'' !! ''d' !! ''dh'' !! ''s'' !! ''l'' | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|/n/}} || {{IPA|/t̪/}} || {{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}} || {{IPA|/d̪/}} || {{IPA|/d̪ʱ/}} || {{IPA|/s/}} || {{IPA|/l/}} | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | fultalaḫla<br/>(retroflexes) || ''ṇ'' !! ''ṭ' !! ''ṭh'' !! ''ḍ' !! ''ḍh'' !! ''ṣ'' !! | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|/ɳ/}} || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} || {{IPA|/ʈʰ/}} || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} || {{IPA|/ɖʱ/}} || {{IPA|/ʂ/}} || | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | nihāsvulaḫla<br/>(palatals) || ''ñ'' !! ''c' !! ''ch'' !! ''j' !! ''jh'' !! ''ś'' !! ''y'' | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}} || {{IPA|/c͡ɕ/}} || {{IPA|/c͡ɕʰ/}} || {{IPA|/ɟ͡ʑ/}} || {{IPA|/ɟ͡ʑʱ/}} || {{IPA|/ɕ/}} || {{IPA|/j/}} | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | bhyuḍvīlaḫla<br/>(velars) || ''ṅ'' !! ''k' !! ''kh'' !! ''g' !! ''gh'' | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}} || {{IPA|/k/}} || {{IPA|/kʰ/}} || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || {{IPA|/ɡʱ/}} | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | diṇḍhalaḫla<br/>(laryngeals) || ''ṃ'' !! ''ɂ' !! ''q'' !! ''h' !! ''ḫ'' !! ''r'' | |||
|- | |||
| {{IPA|/◌̃/}} || {{IPA|/ʔ/}} || {{IPA|/ɢ/}} || {{IPA|/ɦ/}} || {{IPA|/ħ/}} || {{IPA|/ʀ/}} | |||
|} | |||
==Morphology (''hufāmvailaḫlana'')== | ==Morphology (''hufāmvailaḫlana'')== | ||