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Nawuhu: Difference between revisions
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Word order=== | ===Word order=== | ||
Nawuhu is primarily an SOV(subject-object-verb) language. However, in a phrase where there is no object, the word order is verb-initial. However, if the object is omitted but still implied, the word order remains as the standard SV. Thus, "I am", would be '' | Nawuhu is primarily an SOV(subject-object-verb) language. However, in a phrase where there is no object, the word order is verb-initial. However, if the object is omitted but still implied, the word order remains as the standard SV. Thus, "I am", would be ''í ja'', lit. "am I", while "I am a person" would be ''ja pida’a í'', lit. "I person-a am". | ||
When forming a question(or a proposition, which uses roughly the same structure), the word order becomes VSO(verb-subject-object). Thus, though "I have a cat" would be ''ja éppia gvé'', the question "Do you have a cat?" would be ''lhún ja éppia?''. | When forming a question(or a proposition, which uses roughly the same structure), the word order becomes VSO(verb-subject-object). Thus, though "I have a cat" would be ''ja éppia gvé'', the question "Do you have a cat?" would be ''lhún ja éppia?''. | ||
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'''Proximal''' refers to things near the speaker("this thing"), '''medial''' refers to things near the addressee("that thing near you"), and '''distal''' refers to things "over there", as in not near the speaker or the addressee. | '''Proximal''' refers to things near the speaker("this thing"), '''medial''' refers to things near the addressee("that thing near you"), and '''distal''' refers to things "over there", as in not near the speaker or the addressee. | ||
=== | ===Weak verbs=== | ||
Nawuhu verbs are inflected on mood, aspect and tense. Weak verbs have specific suffixes to indicate mood, tense and aspect. Strong verbs, like ''oí'', "to be", or ''gvé'', "to have", have their own specific mood, tense and aspect conjugations. | Nawuhu verbs are inflected on mood, aspect and tense. Weak verbs have specific suffixes to indicate mood, tense and aspect. Strong verbs, like ''oí'', "to be", or ''gvé'', "to have", have their own specific mood, tense and aspect conjugations. | ||
====Mood==== | ====Mood==== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
To form perfective and imperfective tenses for past, present and future, the aforementioned the suffixes ''-sen'' and ''-san'' are placed before the tense suffix. Thus, something like "I do" would be ''ja kubu''(or simply ''kubu'' if one chooses to [[Nawuhu#Null-subject|omit the subject]]), or for emphasis ''ja kubusen'', while "I was doing" would be ''ja kubusanálo''(or ''kubusanálo''). | To form perfective and imperfective tenses for past, present and future, the aforementioned the suffixes ''-sen'' and ''-san'' are placed before the tense suffix. Thus, something like "I do" would be ''ja kubu''(or simply ''kubu'' if one chooses to [[Nawuhu#Null-subject|omit the subject]]), or for emphasis ''ja kubusen'', while "I was doing" would be ''ja kubusanálo''(or ''kubusanálo''). | ||
===Strong verbs=== | |||
====To be, ''oí''==== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan=2 | Person !! First !! Second !! Third | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | Present | |||
| ''í'' || ''ey'' || ''oí'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=5 | Perfect | |||
! Indicative | |||
| ''í'' || ''ey'' || ''oí'' | |||
|- | |||
! Conditional | |||
| ''yéa'' || ''na’á'' || ''aíyé'' | |||
|- | |||
! Optative | |||
| ''wáo'' || ''wa’ai'' || ''newálo'' | |||
|- | |||
! Imperative | |||
| ''má'' || ''yuá'' || ''í’ine | |||
|- | |||
! Jussive | |||
| ''mánka'' || ''yuála'' || ''í’inta'' | |||
|} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||