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Avendonian: Difference between revisions
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Cleared up some confusion about phonemic status. Mainly, [t͡s] is not a phoneme, but an allophone of /t/. Also, the palatalization before front vowels is not an allophonic process, at least for /k/ (how else could you have /ke/ in loanwords?). The flap is an allophone of /r/. Since stress is not phonemic (and since there are nonsyllabic vowels and t͡s in the examples), I also replaced the phonemic dashes in that section.
(Cleared up some confusion about phonemic status. Mainly, [t͡s] is not a phoneme, but an allophone of /t/. Also, the palatalization before front vowels is not an allophonic process, at least for /k/ (how else could you have /ke/ in loanwords?). The flap is an allophone of /r/. Since stress is not phonemic (and since there are nonsyllabic vowels and t͡s in the examples), I also replaced the phonemic dashes in that section.) |
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The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are: | The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are: | ||
* The letters '''c''' and '''g''' make the sound /{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by '''e''' or '''i'''. Examples: '''{{term|cicare}}''' /{{IPA|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''{{term|geldo}}''' /{{IPA|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/. | * The letters '''c''' and '''g''' make the sound /{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by '''e''' or '''i'''. Examples: '''{{term|cicare}}''' /{{IPA|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''{{term|geldo}}''' /{{IPA|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/. | ||
* '''t''' in the combination '''ti''' makes the sound | * '''t''' in the combination '''ti''' makes the sound [{{IPA|t͡s}}]. Example: '''{{term|tite}}''' [{{IPA|ˈt͡site}}]. | ||
* The combination '''gn''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA|ɲaˈgare}}/. | * The combination '''gn''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA|ɲaˈgare}}/. | ||
* '''i''' in intervocalic position or word-initially | * '''i''' in intervocalic position or word-initially represents the semivowel /{{IPA|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term|iaro}}''' /{{IPA|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA|bluˈjare}}/. | ||
* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)|digraph]] '''sc''' before [[w:front vowel|front vowels]] (that is, '''i''' and '''e''') makes the sound /{{IPA|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term|sciio}}''' /{{IPA|ˈʃijo}}/. | * The [[w:digraph (Orthography)|digraph]] '''sc''' before [[w:front vowel|front vowels]] (that is, '''i''' and '''e''') makes the sound /{{IPA|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term|sciio}}''' /{{IPA|ˈʃijo}}/. | ||
* The digraph '''ch''' makes the sound /{{IPA|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword|loanword]]s. | * The digraph '''ch''' makes the sound /{{IPA|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword|loanword]]s. | ||
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! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | ! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
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| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]] | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]] | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
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Notes: | Notes: | ||
* As stated in [[#Orthography|§Orthography]], /{{IPA|k, g, sk}}/ | * As stated in [[#Orthography|§Orthography]], earlier /{{IPA|k, g, sk}}/ have palatalized to /{{IPA|t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ}}/ before front vowels /{{IPA|i, e}}/. | ||
* When followed or preceded by a vowel but not word-initially, /{{IPA|i}}/ shortens and forms a diphthong with the adjacent vowel. Examples: '''{{term|sigie}}''' | * When followed or preceded by a vowel but not word-initially, /{{IPA|i}}/ shortens and forms a diphthong with the adjacent vowel. Examples: '''{{term|sigie}}''' [{{IPA|ˈsid͡ʒi̯e}}], '''{{term|perstelitio}}''' [{{IPA|persteˈlit͡si̯o}}]. | ||
* [{{IPA|ɾ}}] is a permissible allophone of /{{IPA|r}}/ in fast speech. | * [{{IPA|ɾ}}] is a permissible allophone of /{{IPA|r}}/ in fast speech. | ||
* [{{IPA|ŋ}}] is an allophone of /{{IPA|n}}/ before velar stops /{{IPA|k, g}}/, both intra- and intersyllabically, although the former can only happen in the [[#Burgundian dialects|Low Burgundian dialect]].<br>Examples: '''{{term|drincare}}''' | * [{{IPA|ŋ}}] is an allophone of /{{IPA|n}}/ before velar stops /{{IPA|k, g}}/, both intra- and intersyllabically, although the former can only happen in the [[#Burgundian dialects|Low Burgundian dialect]].<br>Examples: '''{{term|drincare}}''' [{{IPA|driŋˈkare}}], '''{{term|anguste}}''' [{{IPA|aŋˈguste}}], Low Burgundian '''{{term|clang}}''' [{{IPA|klaŋg}}] (standard '''{{term|clango}}'''). | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
Avendonian is strictly paroxytonic, meaning words always receive stress on their second-to-last syllable. | Avendonian is strictly paroxytonic, meaning words always receive stress on their second-to-last syllable. | ||
: '''{{term|spraca}}''' ({{sc|spra}}‑ca) | : '''{{term|spraca}}''' ({{sc|spra}}‑ca) [{{IPA|ˈspra.ka}}], '''{{term|ordo}}''' ({{sc|or}}‑do) [{{IPA|ˈor.do}}], '''{{term|bucaria}}''' (bu‑{{sc|ca}}‑ria) [{{IPA|buˈka.ri̯a}}], etc. | ||
Monosyllabic words like '''{{term|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns: | Monosyllabic words like '''{{term|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns: | ||
: '''{{term|elpare}}-{{term|te}}''', | : '''{{term|elpare}}-{{term|te}}''', [{{IPA|elˈpa.re‿te}}] and not [{{IPA|el.paˈre‿te}}] | ||
Longer words (four or more syllables) may receive secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress): | Longer words (four or more syllables) may receive secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress): | ||
: '''{{term|sobgrundsporvego}}''' | : '''{{term|sobgrundsporvego}}''' [{{IPA|sobˌgrund.sporˈve.go}}], '''{{term|surstopitio}}''' [{{IPA|ˌsur.stoˈpi.t͡si̯o}}] | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||