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Like many polysynthetic languages, such as Ainu and the Iroquioan languages, Minhast employs noun incorporation (NI) extensively to carry out various processes: derivation, case modification and valence operations, and discourse manipulation. The motivating factors for NI is a complex topic which is dealt separately in [[Minhast/Noun_Incorporation|Noun Incorporation]]. | Like many polysynthetic languages, such as Ainu and the Iroquioan languages, Minhast employs noun incorporation (NI) extensively to carry out various processes: derivation, case modification and valence operations, and discourse manipulation. The motivating factors for NI is a complex topic which is dealt separately in [[Minhast/Noun_Incorporation|Noun Incorporation]]. | ||
Noun incorporation is the process whereby a noun lexeme is absorbed into the verb complex. The noun is stripped of any inflectional markers and is then inserted immediately after the verb root <ref>Minhast is unusual in its placement of the incorporated noun, as most SOV languages place the incorporated noun ''prior'' to the verb root. Minhast, although classified as an SOV language, may have developed from an earlier verb-initial stage.</ref>. The noun is essentially treated as a verbal affix and plays an important morphological role. The incorporated noun is subject to complex morphophonemic sandhi, as described earlier in the [[Minhast#Phonology|Phonology]] section; moreover, most nouns have a reduced incorporating form, as in the case of ''-rupmak-/-rumpak-'' << ''ruppamak'' (face). These reduced forms are highly irregular and must be memorized. | Noun incorporation is the process whereby a noun lexeme is absorbed into the verb complex. The noun is stripped of any inflectional markers and is then inserted immediately after the verb root <ref>Minhast is unusual in its placement of the incorporated noun, as most SOV languages place the incorporated noun ''prior'' to the verb root. Minhast, although classified as an SOV language, may have developed from an earlier verb-initial stage. Post-verbal NI languages statistically occur more frequently in VSO languages, although they are still in the minority.</ref>. The noun is essentially treated as a verbal affix and plays an important morphological role. The incorporated noun is subject to complex morphophonemic sandhi, as described earlier in the [[Minhast#Phonology|Phonology]] section; moreover, most nouns have a reduced incorporating form, as in the case of ''-rupmak-/-rumpak-'' << ''ruppamak'' (face). These reduced forms are highly irregular and must be memorized. | ||
Not all nouns can be incorporated. Proper nouns and many kinship terms, e.g. ''anxea'' (brother) cannot be incorporated. Similarly, toponyms and demonyms cannot be incorporated. Only one lexical noun root can be incorporated at a time. Nouns functioning in most case roles can be incorporated, but such incorporation interacts with the semantics of the verb, e.g. Locatives are restricted to locomotive and positional verbs, while Datives are restricted to donor verbs. The incorporation of Instrumentals and Datives usually do not affect valency, as the Patient argument slot of the clause remains open. However, as in most incorporating languages, Agents cannot be incorporated. | Not all nouns can be incorporated. Proper nouns and many kinship terms, e.g. ''anxea'' (brother) cannot be incorporated. Similarly, toponyms and demonyms cannot be incorporated. Only one lexical noun root can be incorporated at a time. Nouns functioning in most case roles can be incorporated, but such incorporation interacts with the semantics of the verb, e.g. Locatives are restricted to locomotive and positional verbs, while Datives are restricted to donor verbs. The incorporation of Instrumentals and Datives usually do not affect valency, as the Patient argument slot of the clause remains open. However, as in most incorporating languages, Agents cannot be incorporated. | ||