Proto-Rugic: Difference between revisions

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The Balto-Slavic base of Proto-Rugic (known as Pre-Proto-Rugic, or PPR for short) had the following features:
The Balto-Slavic base of Proto-Rugic (known as Pre-Proto-Rugic, or PPR for short) had the following features:
*PPR lack the ''*eu'' to *''jau'' sound change that affected all known Balto-Slavic languages. Alternatively, if this sound change did happen, it was reversed.
*PPR lacked the ''*eu'' to *''jau'' sound change that affected all known Balto-Slavic languages. Alternatively, if this sound change did happen, it was reversed.
<!--
<!--
*PPR lacked the merger of Proto-Italic /θ, xʷ, f/ that occurred in all attested Italic languages. Instead, each of these merged with its voiced counterpart, as did /x/.  
*PPR lacked the merger of Proto-Italic /θ, xʷ, f/ that occurred in all attested Italic languages. Instead, each of these merged with its voiced counterpart, as did /x/.  
Line 814: Line 814:
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *mōl'''aniz'''
| *mōl'''aziz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''anī'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ô'''
| *mōl'''aniz'''
| *mōl'''aiz'''
| *mōl'''ōnjō'''
| *mōl'''ô'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōnjōi'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ôi'''
| *mōl'''ōnjōz'''
| *mōl'''ōzōz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ani'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ai'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''anī'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''āi'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōnō'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ô'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *mōl'''anį'''
| *mōl'''anį'''
| *mōl'''aninz'''
| *mōl'''aninz'''
| *mōl'''ōnjǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnjōnz'''
| *mōl'''ōnōnz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *mōl'''aniz'''  
| *mōl'''ôs'''
| *mōl'''anjōu'''
| *mōl'''awjau'''
| *mōl'''anjǭ'''
| *mōl'''anizǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnjōz'''
| *mōl'''ōzizōz'''
| *mōl'''ōnjōu'''
| *mōl'''awjōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnjǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnōzǭ'''
| *mōl'''aniz'''
| *mōl'''ôs'''
| *mōl'''anjōu'''
| *mōl'''awjāu'''
| *mōl'''anǭ'''
| *mōl'''anizǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *mōl'''ajjammai'''
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''anamaz'''
| *mōl'''azimaz'''
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *mōl'''ōzōi'''
| *mōl'''ōnōmō'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''ōnōmaz'''
| *mōl'''ōzōmaz'''
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *mōl'''ajjammai'''
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''anamaz'''
| *mōl'''azimaz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''ōnōiz'''
| *mōl'''azimīz'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnōmō'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''ōnōmīz'''
| *mōl'''ōzōmīz'''
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''ōnōiz'''
| *mōl'''azimīz'''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''awjau'''
| *mōl'''anaizu'''
| *mōl'''anizu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōzu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōzu'''
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''awjau'''
| *mōl'''anaizu'''
| *mōl'''anizu'''
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
Line 883: Line 883:
|-
|-
!  Nominative
!  Nominative
| *mōl'''anaz'''
| *mōl'''aniz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōnō'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''anī'''
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *mōl'''aniz'''
| *mōl'''ōnō'''
| *mōl'''ōnjō'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōnjōi'''
| *mōl'''ōnōz'''
| *mōl'''ōnjōz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''aną'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ani'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''anai'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''anī'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōnō'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōnō'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *mōl'''aną'''
| *mōl'''anį'''
| *mōl'''anōnz'''
| *mōl'''aninz'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnjǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnōnz'''
| *mōl'''ōnjōnz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *mōl'''ōnō'''
| *mōl'''aniz'''  
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''anjōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *mōl'''anjǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnōz'''
| *mōl'''ōnjōz'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnjōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnjǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnō'''
| *mōl'''aniz'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''anjōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *mōl'''anǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
Line 944: Line 944:
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
! colspan="9"| Weak
! colspan="10"| Weak
|-
|-
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
Line 951: Line 951:
|-
|-
!  Nominative
!  Nominative
| *mōl'''az anaz'''
| *mōl'''anaz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ō anō'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōnō'''
| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *mōl'''ō anō'''
| *mōl'''ōnō'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōi anōi'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *mōl'''ōz anōz'''
| *mōl'''ōnōz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ą aną'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''aną'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''anai'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ō anō'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōnō'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *mōl'''ą aną'''
| *mōl'''aną'''
| *mōl'''ōnz anōnz'''
| *mōl'''anōnz'''
| *mōl'''ǭ anǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnz anōnz'''
| *mōl'''ōnōnz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *mōl'''ō anō'''
| *mōl'''ōnō'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''ǭ anǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōz anōz'''
| *mōl'''ōnōz'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''ǭ anǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *mōl'''ō anō'''
| *mōl'''ōnō'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''ǭ anǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *mōl'''ōi anōi'''
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *mōl'''amō anamō'''
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *mōl'''amaz anamaz'''
| *mōl'''anamaz'''
| *mōl'''ōi anōi'''
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *mōl'''ōmō anōmō'''
| *mōl'''ōnōmō'''
| *mōl'''ōmaz anōmaz'''
| *mōl'''ōnōmaz'''
| *mōl'''ōi anōi'''
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *mōl'''amō anamō'''
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *mōl'''amaz anamaz'''
| *mōl'''anamaz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *mōl'''amō anamō'''
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *mōl'''ōiz anōiz'''
| *mōl'''ōnōiz'''
| *mōl'''ǭ anǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōmō anōmō'''
| *mōl'''ōnōmō'''
| *mōl'''ōmīz anōmīz'''
| *mōl'''ōnōmīz'''
| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *mōl'''amō anamō'''
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *mōl'''ōiz anōiz'''
| *mōl'''ōnōiz'''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''aizu anaizu'''
| *mōl'''anaizu'''
| *mōl'''ōi anōi'''
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''ōzu anōzu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōzu'''
| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''aizu anaizu'''
| *mōl'''anaizu'''
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
! colspan="10"| Weak
! colspan="9"| Weak
|-
|-
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
Line 1,018: Line 1,018:
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *mōl'''aziz'''
| *mōl'''az anaz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ô'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ō anō'''
| *mōl'''aiz'''
| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| *mōl'''ô'''
| *mōl'''ō anō'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ôi'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōi anōi'''
| *mōl'''ōzjōz'''
| *mōl'''ōz anōz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ai'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ą aną'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''āi'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ô'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ō anō'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *mōl'''anį'''
| *mōl'''ą aną'''
| *mōl'''ōninz'''
| *mōl'''ōnz anōnz'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *mōl'''ǭ anǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnjōnz'''
| *mōl'''ōnz anōnz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *mōl'''ôs'''
| *mōl'''ō anō'''
| *mōl'''awjāu'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnizǭ'''
| *mōl'''ǭ anǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōzizjōz'''
| *mōl'''ōz anōz'''
| *mōl'''ōwjōu'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnjōzǭ'''
| *mōl'''ǭ anǭ'''
| *mōl'''ôs'''
| *mōl'''ō anō'''
| *mōl'''ōwjāu'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnizǭ'''
| *mōl'''ǭ anǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *mōl'''ajjammai'''
| *mōl'''ōi anōi'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''amō anamō'''
| *mōl'''azimaz'''
| *mōl'''amaz anamaz'''
| *mōl'''ōjjizjōi'''
| *mōl'''ōi anōi'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''ōmō anōmō'''
| *mōl'''ōzōmaz'''
| *mōl'''ōmaz anōmaz'''
| *mōl'''ajjammai'''
| *mōl'''ōi anōi'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''amō anamō'''
| *mōl'''azimaz'''
| *mōl'''amaz anamaz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''amō anamō'''
| *mōl'''azimīz'''
| *mōl'''ōiz anōiz'''
| *mōl'''ōnjǭ'''
| *mōl'''ǭ anǭ'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''ōmō anōmō'''
| *mōl'''ōzōmīz'''
| *mōl'''ōmīz anōmīz'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''amō anamō'''
| *mōl'''azimīz'''
| *mōl'''ōiz anōiz'''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| *mōl'''awjāu'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''azizu'''
| *mōl'''aizu anaizu'''
| *mōl'''ōjjōi'''
| *mōl'''ōi anōi'''
| *mōl'''ōwjōu'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''ōzōzu'''
| *mōl'''ōzu anōzu'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| *mōl'''awjāu'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''azizu'''
| *mōl'''aizu anaizu'''
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
! colspan="9"| Weak
! colspan="10"| Weak
|-
|-
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
Line 1,086: Line 1,086:
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *mōl'''azjaz'''
| *mōl'''aziz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ô'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ô'''
| *mōl'''āi'''
| *mōl'''aiz'''
| *mōl'''ô'''
| *mōl'''ô'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ôi'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ôi'''
Line 1,098: Line 1,098:
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *mōl'''anją'''
| *mōl'''anį'''
| *mōl'''ōzjōnz'''
| *mōl'''ōninz'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōzjōnz'''
| *mōl'''ōnjōnz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *mōl'''ôs'''
| *mōl'''ôs'''
| *mōl'''ōwjāu'''
| *mōl'''awjāu'''
| *mōl'''ōnjaizǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnizǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōzjazjōz'''
| *mōl'''ōzizjōz'''
| *mōl'''ōwjōu'''
| *mōl'''ōwjōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnjōzǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnjōzǭ'''
| *mōl'''azjas'''
| *mōl'''ôs'''
| *mōl'''āwjāu'''
| *mōl'''ōwjāu'''
| *mōl'''ōnjaizǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnizǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *mōl'''ōjjammai'''
| *mōl'''ajjammai'''
| *mōl'''amôimō'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''amazjaimaz'''
| *mōl'''azimaz'''
| *mōl'''ōjjazjōi'''
| *mōl'''ōjjizjōi'''
| *mōl'''ōmômō'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''ōmazjōmaz'''
| *mōl'''ōzōmaz'''
| *mōl'''ōjjammai'''
| *mōl'''ajjammai'''
| *mōl'''amôimō'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''amazjaimaz'''
| *mōl'''azimaz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''amôimō'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''ōizjaimīz'''
| *mōl'''azimīz'''
| *mōl'''ōnjǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnjǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōmôimō'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''ōmīzjōmīz'''
| *mōl'''ōzōmīz'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''amôimō'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''ōizjaimīz'''
| *mōl'''azimīz'''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ōwjāu'''
| *mōl'''awjāu'''
| *mōl'''aizwaizu'''
| *mōl'''azizu'''
| *mōl'''ōjjōi'''
| *mōl'''ōjjōi'''
| *mōl'''ōwjōu'''
| *mōl'''ōwjōu'''
| *mōl'''ōzwōzu'''
| *mōl'''ōzōzu'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ōwjāu'''
| *mōl'''awjāu'''
| *mōl'''aizwaizu'''
| *mōl'''azizu'''
|-
|-
-->
|}
====''ja/jō''-stem adjectives====
These were a sub-type of ''a/ō''-stem adjectives with a *''-j-'' or *''-ij-'' (according to Siever's Law) before the ending and were declined as such. <!--However, in the weak forms, expected **''-ija-'' became *''-ī-'' and **''-ja-'' became *''-i-''.-->
====''ā/ô''-stem adjectives====
These were a subset of ''a/ō''-stem adjectives with lengthened endings. They arose by contraction from adjectives whose stems originally ended in ''-aj-'', after the loss of intervocalic ''-j-''.
====''i''-stem adjectives====
These were declined identically to ''ja/jō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-iz'' and *''-į/it'' respectively instead of the expected **''-(i)jaz'' and **''-(i)ją/(i)jat''. Additionally, the masculine accusative singular could take the ending *''-in'' as an alternative to expected *''-(i)jan''.
The weak forms were identical to those of ''ja/jō''-stems.
====Consonant-stem adjectives====
These were declined identically to ''a/ō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-s/z'' and *''—'' respectively (or other irregular ending(s)) instead of the expected **''-az'' and **''-ą/at''.
The weak forms were identical to those of ''a/ō''-stems.
===Pronouns===
<!--
<!--
'''Note:''' As with adjectives, only the ''*s'' forms of the strong feminine genitive are given where applicable. The ''*z'' forms can be derived from these simply by replacing ''*s'' in the endings.-->
! colspan="9"| Weak
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
|-
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology -->
====First person, second person, and reflexive pronouns====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! !! colspan="3"| First person !! colspan="3"| Second person !! rowspan="2"| Reflexive
|-
|-
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *ēzų
| *mōl'''azjaz'''
| *wet; *wit
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ô'''
| *mez; *miz
| *mōl'''āi'''
| *þū; *þu
| *mōl'''ô'''
| *jūt; *jut
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ôi'''
| *jūz; *juz
| *mōl'''ōzjōz'''
| —
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ai'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''āi'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ô'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *mēn; *mi
| *mōl'''anją'''
| *nō
| *mōl'''ōzjōnz'''
| *nōz
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *þēn; *þi
| *mōl'''ōzjōnz'''
| *wō
| *wōz
| *sēn; *si
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *miniz; *mī
| *mōl'''ôs'''
| *nōu
| *mōl'''ōwjāu'''
| *nōzǭ
| *mōl'''ōnjaizǭ'''
| *þiwiz; *þī
| *mōl'''ōzjazjōz'''
| *wōu
| *mōl'''ōwjōu'''
| *wōzǭ
| *mōl'''ōnjōzǭ'''
| *siwiz; *sī
| *mōl'''azjas'''
|-
| *mōl'''āwjāu'''
| *mōl'''ōnjaizǭ'''
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *minī; *mī
| *mōl'''ōjjammai'''
| *nōmō
| *mōl'''amôimō'''
| *nōmaz
| *mōl'''amazjaimaz'''
| *þiwī; *þī
| *mōl'''ōjjazjōi'''
| *wōmō
| *mōl'''ōmômō'''
| *wōmaz
| *mōl'''ōmazjōmaz'''
| *siwī; *sī
| *mōl'''ōjjammai'''
| *mōl'''amôimō'''
| *mōl'''amazjaimaz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *minimi
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *nōmō
| *mōl'''amôimō'''
| *nōmīz
| *mōl'''ōizjaimīz'''
| *þiwimi
| *mōl'''ōnjǭ'''
| *wōmō
| *mōl'''ōmôimō'''
| *wōmīz
| *mōl'''ōmīzjōmīz'''
| *siwimi
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''amôimō'''
| *mōl'''ōizjaimīz'''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| *minī
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *nōu
| *mōl'''ōwjāu'''
| *nōzu
| *mōl'''aizwaizu'''
| *þiwī
| *mōl'''ōjjōi'''
| *wōu
| *mōl'''ōwjōu'''
| *wōzu
| *mōl'''ōzwōzu'''
| *siwī
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
|-
| *mōl'''ōwjāu'''
! Possessive adj.
| *mōl'''aizwaizu'''
| *menaz
| *nōwaz
| *nōzjaz
| *þewaz
| *wōwaz
| *wōzjaz
| *sewaz
|-
|-
-->
|}
|}


'''Notes:'''  
====''ja/jō''-stem adjectives====
#When two forms are given, the first was the stressed form and the second was the unstressed form.
These were a sub-type of ''a/ō''-stem adjectives with a *''-j-'' or *''-ij-'' (according to Siever's Law) before the ending and were declined as such. <!--However, in the weak forms, expected **''-ija-'' became *''-ī-'' and **''-ja-'' became *''-i-''.-->
#Possessive adjectives were always strong.
 
====''ā/ô''-stem adjectives====
These were a subset of ''a/ō''-stem adjectives with lengthened endings. They arose by contraction from adjectives whose stems originally ended in ''-aj-'', after the loss of intervocalic ''-j-''.
 
<!--====''i''-stem adjectives====
These were declined identically to ''ja/jō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-iz'' and *''-į/it'' respectively instead of the expected **''-(i)jaz'' and **''-(i)ją/(i)jat''. Additionally, the masculine accusative singular could take the ending *''-in'' as an alternative to expected *''-(i)jan''.
-
The weak forms were identical to those of ''ja/jō''-stems.-->


====Other pronouns====
<!--====Consonant-stem adjectives====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
These were declined identically to ''a/ō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-s/z'' and *''—'' respectively (or other irregular ending(s)) instead of the expected **''-az'' and **''-ą/at''.
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
-
|-
The weak forms were identical to those of ''a/ō''-stems.-->
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
 
|-
===Pronouns===
! Nominative
<!--
| *þaz
'''Note:''' As with adjectives, only the ''*s'' forms of the strong feminine genitive are given where applicable. The ''*z'' forms can be derived from these simply by replacing ''*s'' in the endings.-->
| rowspan="2"| *þō
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
| *þai
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
| *þō
Nouns
| rowspan="2"| *þōi
Adjectives
| *þōz
Verbs
| rowspan="2"| *þa
Adverbs
| rowspan="2"| *þai
Particles
| rowspan="2"| *þō
Derivational morphology -->
====First person, second person, and reflexive pronouns====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! !! colspan="3"| First person !! colspan="3"| Second person !! rowspan="2"| Reflexive
|-
|-
! Accusative
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
| *þan
| *þōnz
| *þǭ
| *þōnz
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Nominative
| *þas
| *ēzų
| *þāu
| *wet; *wit
| *þaizǭ
| *mez; *miz
| *þazjōz
| *þū; *þu
| *þōu
| *jūt; *jut
| *þōzǭ
| *jūz; *juz
| *þas
| —
| *þāu
|-
| *þaizǭ
! Accusative
| *mēn; *miz
| *nō
| *nōz
| *þēn; *þiz
| *wō
| *wōz
| *sēn; *siz
|-
! Genitive
| *mīniz; *mī
| *nōu
| *nōzǭ
| *þīwiz; *þī
| *wōu
| *wōzǭ
| *sīwiz; *sī
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *þammai
| *mīnī; *mī
| *þaimō
| *nōmō
| *þaimaz
| *nōmaz
| *þazjōi
| *þīwī; *þī
| *þōmō
| *wōmō
| *þōmaz
| *wōmaz
| *þammai
| *sīwī; *sī
| *þaimō
| *þaimaz
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *þammi
| *mīnimi
| *þaimō
| *nōmō
| *þaimīz
| *nōmīz
| *þǭ
| *þīwimi
| *þōmō
| *wōmō
| *þōmīz
| *wōmīz
| *þammi
| *sīwimi
| *þaimō
| *þaimīz
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| *þammi
| *mīnī
| *þāu
| *nōu
| *þaizu
| *nōzu
| *þōi
| *þīwī
| *þōu
| *wōu
| *þōzu
| *wōzu
| *þammi
| *sīwī
| *þāu
|-
| *þaizu
! Possessive adj.
| *mīnaz
| *nōwaz
| *nōzijaz
| *þīwaz
| *wōwaz
| *wōzijaz
| *sīwaz
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
'''Notes:'''
#When two forms are given, the first was the stressed form and the second was the unstressed form.
#Possessive adjectives were always strong.
 
====Other pronouns====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
|-
|-
Line 1,327: Line 1,327:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *siz
| *þaz
| rowspan="2"| *sī
| rowspan="2"| *þō
| *sīz
| *þai
| *sī
| *þō
| rowspan="2"| *sijōi
| rowspan="2"| *þōi
| *sijōz
| *þōz
| rowspan="2"| *si
| rowspan="2"| *þa
| rowspan="2"| *sī
| rowspan="2"| *þai
| rowspan="2"| *sī
| rowspan="2"| *þō
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *sin
| *þan
| *sinz
| *þōnz
| *sijǭ
| *þǭ
| *sijōnz
| *þōnz
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *ses
| *þas
| *sijau
| *þāu
| *sezǭ
| *þaizǭ
| *sizjōz
| *þazjōz
| *sijōu
| *þōu
| *sijōzǭ
| *þōzǭ
| *ses
| *þas
| *sijau
| *þāu
| *sezǭ
| *þaizǭ
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *simmai
| *þammai
| *sīmō
| *þaimō
| *sīmaz
| *þaimaz
| *sizjōi
| *þazjōi
| *sijōmō
| *þōmō
| *sijōmaz
| *þōmaz
| *simmai
| *þammai
| *sīmō
| *þaimō
| *sīmaz
| *þaimaz
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *simmi
| *þammi
| *sīmō
| *þaimō
| *sīmīz
| *þaimīz
| *sijǭ
| *þǭ
| *sijōmō
| *þōmō
| *sijōmīz
| *þōmīz
| *simmi
| *þammi
| *sīmō
| *þaimō
| *sīmīz
| *þaimīz
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| *simmi
| *þammi
| *sijau
| *þāu
| *sīzu
| *þaizu
| *sijōi
| *þōi
| *sijōu
| *þōu
| *sijōzu
| *þōzu
| *simmi
| *þammi
| *sijau
| *þāu
| *sīzu
| *þaizu
|-
|-
|}
|}


====Reflexive/Intensive pronoun====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! colspan="7"| Strong
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
|-
|-
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *safsaz
| *siz
| *safsai
| rowspan="2"| *sī
| *safsō
| *sīz
| *safsōi
| *sī
| rowspan="2"| *safsą, *safsat
| rowspan="2"| *sijōi
| rowspan="2"| *safsō
| *sijōz
| rowspan="2"| *si
| rowspan="2"| *sī
| rowspan="2"| *sī
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *safsan
| *sin
| *safsanz
| *sinz
| *safsǭ
| *sijǭ
| *safsōnz
| *sijōnz
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *safsas, *safsazjas
| *ses
| *safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
| *sijau
| *safsōz, *safsazjōz
| *sezǭ
| *safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
| *sizjōz
| *safsas, *safsazjas
| *sijōu
| *safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
| *sijōzǭ
| *ses
| *sijau
| *sezǭ
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *safsammai
| *simmai
| *safsabiz
| *sīmō
| *safsōi
| *sīmaz
| *safsōbiz
| *sizjōi
| *safsammai
| *sijōmō
| *safsabiz
| *sijōmaz
| *simmai
| *sīmō
| *sīmaz
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *safsō
| *simmi
| *safsabaz
| *sīmō
| *safsô
| *sīmīz
| *safsōbaz
| *sijǭ
| *safsō
| *sijōmō
| *safsabaz
| *sijōmīz
| *simmi
| *sīmō
| *sīmīz
|-
! Locative
| *simmi
| *sijau
| *sīzu
| *sijōi
| *sijōu
| *sijōzu
| *simmi
| *sijau
| *sīzu
|-
|-
! colspan="7"| Weak
|}
 
====Reflexive/Intensive pronoun====
<!--
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! colspan="7"| Strong
|-
|-
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
Line 1,442: Line 1,467:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *safsǭ
| *safsaz
| *safsaniz
| *safsai
| *safsǭ
| *safsō
| *safsōniz
| *safsōi
| rowspan="2"| *safsǭ
| rowspan="2"| *safsą, *safsat
| rowspan="2"| *safsanō
| rowspan="2"| *safsō
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *safsanį
| *safsan
| *safsaninz
| *safsanz
| *safsōnį
| *safsǭ
| *safsōniz
| *safsōnz
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *safsaniz
| *safsas, *safsazjas
| *safsanǭ
| *safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
| *safsōniz
| *safsōz, *safsazjōz
| *safsōnǭ
| *safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
| *safsaniz
| *safsas, *safsazjas
| *safsanǭ
| *safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *safsanī
| *safsammai
| *safsambiz
| *safsabiz
| *safsōnī
| *safsōi
| *safsōmbiz
| *safsōbiz
| *safsanī
| *safsammai
| *safsambiz
| *safsabiz
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *safsani
| *safsō
| *safsambaz
| *safsabaz
| *safsōni
| *safsô
| *safsōmbaz
| *safsōbaz
| *safsani
| *safsō
| *safsambaz
| *safsabaz
|-
! colspan="7"| Weak
|-
|-
|}
====Neutral demonstrative====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
|-
|-
Line 1,489: Line 1,511:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *saz
| *safsǭ
| *sai
| *safsaniz
| *sō
| *safsǭ
| *sōi
| *safsōniz
| rowspan="2"| *sat
| rowspan="2"| *safsǭ
| rowspan="2"| *sō
| rowspan="2"| *safsanō
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *san
| *safsanį
| *sanz
| *safsaninz
| *sǭ
| *safsōnį
| *sōnz
| *safsōniz
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *sas, *sazjas
| *safsaniz
| *sōsą, *sazjōsą
| *safsanǭ
| *sōz, *sazjōz
| *safsōniz
| *sōsą, *sazjōsą
| *safsōnǭ
| *sas, *sazjas
| *safsaniz
| *sōsą, *sazjōsą
| *safsanǭ
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *sammai
| *safsanī
| *sabiz
| *safsambiz
| *sōi
| *safsōnī
| *sōbiz
| *safsōmbiz
| *sammai
| *safsanī
| *sabiz
| *safsambiz
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *sō
| *safsani
| *sabaz
| *safsambaz
| *sô
| *safsōni
| *sōbaz
| *safsōmbaz
| *sō
| *safsani
| *sabaz
| *safsambaz
|-
|-
|}
|}-->


====Neutral demonstrative====
<!--
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
Line 1,534: Line 1,558:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *þaz
| *saz
| *þai
| *sai
| *þō
| *sō
| *þōi
| *sōi
| rowspan="2"| *þat
| rowspan="2"| *sat
| rowspan="2"| *þō
| rowspan="2"| *sō
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *þan
| *san
| *þanz
| *sanz
| *þǭ
| *sǭ
| *þōnz
| *sōnz
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *þas, *þazjas
| *sas, *sazjas
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą
| *sōsą, *sazjōsą
| *þōz, *þazjōz
| *sōz, *sazjōz
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą
| *sōsą, *sazjōsą
| *þas, *þazjas
| *sas, *sazjas
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą
| *sōsą, *sazjōsą
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *þammai
| *sammai
| *þabiz
| *sabiz
| *þōi
| *sōi
| *þōbiz
| *sōbiz
| *þammai
| *sammai
| *þabiz
| *sabiz
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *þō
| *sō
| *þabaz
| *sabaz
| *þô
| *sô
| *þōbaz
| *sōbaz
| *þō
| *sō
| *þabaz
| *sabaz
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 1,580: Line 1,603:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *izaz
| *þaz
| *izai
| *þai
| *izō
| *þō
| *izōi
| *þōi
| rowspan="2"| *izat
| rowspan="2"| *þat
| rowspan="2"| *izō
| rowspan="2"| *þō
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *izan
| *þan
| *izanz
| *þanz
| *izǭ
| *þǭ
| *izōnz
| *þōnz
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *izas, *izazjas
| *þas, *þazjas
| *izōsą, *izazjōsą
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą
| *izōz, *izazjōz
| *þōz, *þazjōz
| *izōsą, *izazjōsą
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą
| *izas, *izazjas
| *þas, *þazjas
| *izōsą, *izazjōsą
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *izammai
| *þammai
| *izabiz
| *þabiz
| *izōi
| *þōi
| *izōbiz
| *þōbiz
| *izammai
| *þammai
| *izabiz
| *þabiz
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *izō
| *þō
| *izabaz
| *þabaz
| *izô
| *þô
| *izōbaz
| *þōbaz
| *izō
| *þō
| *izabaz
| *þabaz
|-
|-
|}
|}


====Near demonstrative====


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 1,627: Line 1,649:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *istaz
| *izaz
| *istai
| *izai
| *istō
| *izō
| *istōi
| *izōi
| rowspan="2"| *istat
| rowspan="2"| *izat
| rowspan="2"| *istō
| rowspan="2"| *izō
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *istan
| *izan
| *istanz
| *izanz
| *istǭ
| *izǭ
| *istōnz
| *izōnz
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *istas, *istazjas
| *izas, *izazjas
| *istōsą, *istazjōsą
| *izōsą, *izazjōsą
| *istōz, *istazjōz
| *izōz, *izazjōz
| *istōsą, *istazjōsą
| *izōsą, *izazjōsą
| *istas, *istazjas
| *izas, *izazjas
| *istōsą, *istazjōsą
| *izōsą, *izazjōsą
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *istammai
| *izammai
| *istabiz
| *izabiz
| *istōi
| *izōi
| *istōbiz
| *izōbiz
| *istammai
| *izammai
| *istabiz
| *izabiz
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *istō
| *izō
| *istabaz
| *izabaz
| *istô
| *izô
| *istōbaz
| *izōbaz
| *istō
| *izō
| *istabaz
| *izabaz
|-
|-
|}
|}-->


====Near demonstrative====
<!--
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
Line 1,672: Line 1,696:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *gehaz
| *istaz
| *gehai
| *istai
| *gehō
| *istō
| *gehōi
| *istōi
| rowspan="2"| *gehat
| rowspan="2"| *istat
| rowspan="2"| *gehō
| rowspan="2"| *istō
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *gehan
| *istan
| *gehanz
| *istanz
| *gehǭ
| *istǭ
| *gehōnz
| *istōnz
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *gegas, *gegazjas
| *istas, *istazjas
| *gegōsą, *gegazjōsą
| *istōsą, *istazjōsą
| *gegōz, *gegazjōz
| *istōz, *istazjōz
| *gegōsą, *gegazjōsą
| *istōsą, *istazjōsą
| *gegas, *gegazjas
| *istas, *istazjas
| *gegōsą, *gegazjōsą
| *istōsą, *istazjōsą
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *gegammai
| *istammai
| *gegabiz
| *istabiz
| *gegōi
| *istōi
| *gegōbiz
| *istōbiz
| *gegammai
| *istammai
| *gegabiz
| *istabiz
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *gegō
| *istō
| *gegabaz
| *istabaz
| *gegô
| *istô
| *gegōbaz
| *istōbaz
| *gegō
| *istō
| *gegabaz
| *istabaz
|-
|-
|}
|}


====Far demonstrative====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
Line 1,718: Line 1,741:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *allaz
| *gehaz
| *allai
| *gehai
| *allō
| *gehō
| *allōi
| *gehōi
| rowspan="2"| *allat
| rowspan="2"| *gehat
| rowspan="2"| *allō
| rowspan="2"| *gehō
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *allan
| *gehan
| *allanz
| *gehanz
| *allǭ
| *gehǭ
| *allōnz
| *gehōnz
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *allas, *allazjas
| *gegas, *gegazjas
| *allōsą, *allazjōsą
| *gegōsą, *gegazjōsą
| *allōz, *allazjōz
| *gegōz, *gegazjōz
| *allōsą, *allazjōsą
| *gegōsą, *gegazjōsą
| *allas, *allazjas
| *gegas, *gegazjas
| *allōsą, *allazjōsą
| *gegōsą, *gegazjōsą
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *allammai
| *gegammai
| *allabiz
| *gegabiz
| *allōi
| *gegōi
| *allōbiz
| *gegōbiz
| *allammai
| *gegammai
| *allabiz
| *gegabiz
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *gegō
| *gegabaz
| *gegô
| *gegōbaz
| *gegō
| *gegabaz
|-
|}-->
 
====Far demonstrative====
<!--
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *allaz
| *allai
| *allō
| *allōi
| rowspan="2"| *allat
| rowspan="2"| *allō
|-
! Accusative
| *allan
| *allanz
| *allǭ
| *allōnz
|-
! Genitive
| *allas, *allazjas
| *allōsą, *allazjōsą
| *allōz, *allazjōz
| *allōsą, *allazjōsą
| *allas, *allazjas
| *allōsą, *allazjōsą
|-
! Dative
| *allammai
| *allabiz
| *allōi
| *allōbiz
| *allammai
| *allabiz
|-
! Instrumental
| *allō
| *allō
| *allabaz
| *allabaz
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| *allabaz
| *allabaz
|-
|-
|}
|}-->


====Interrogative pronouns====
====Interrogative pronouns====
<!--
*''*hwai'' "what, who"
*''*hwai'' "what, who"
<!--
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
Line 1,863: Line 1,935:
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| *hedūriz
| *hidwiriz
| *hidwirþaz
| *hidwirþaz
|  
|  
Line 1,925: Line 1,997:
|-
|-
! 13
! 13
|  
| *þrilig
|  
|  
|
|
Line 1,931: Line 2,003:
|-
|-
! 14
! 14
|  
| *hidwirlig
|  
|  
|
|
Line 1,937: Line 2,009:
|-
|-
! 15
! 15
|  
| *finhlig
|  
|  
|
|
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|-
|-
! 16
! 16
|  
| *sislig
|  
|  
|
|
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|-
|-
! 17
! 17
|  
| *siftinlig
|  
|  
|
|
Line 1,955: Line 2,027:
|-
|-
! 18
! 18
|  
| *ahtōlig
|  
|  
|
|
Line 1,961: Line 2,033:
|-
|-
! 19
! 19
|  
| *niwinlig
|  
|  
|
|
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|-
|-
! 30
! 30
|  
| *þritisin
|  
|  
|
|
Line 1,979: Line 2,051:
|-
|-
! 40
! 40
|  
| *hidwirtisin
|  
|  
|
|
Line 1,985: Line 2,057:
|-
|-
! 50
! 50
|  
| *finhtisin
|  
|  
|
|
Line 1,991: Line 2,063:
|-
|-
! 60
! 60
|  
| *sistisin
|  
|  
|
|
Line 1,997: Line 2,069:
|-
|-
! 70
! 70
|  
| *siftintisin
|  
|  
|
|
Line 2,003: Line 2,075:
|-
|-
! 80
! 80
|  
| *ahtōtisin
|  
|  
|
|
Line 2,009: Line 2,081:
|-
|-
! 90
! 90
|  
| *niwintisin
|  
|  
|
|
Line 2,030: Line 2,102:
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Strong verbs====
====Strong verbs====
<!--
Strong verbs were characterized by a past stem that was (usually) different from the present stem and that took the following personal endings in the indicative:
Strong verbs were characterized by a past stem that was (usually) different from the present stem and that took the following personal endings in the indicative:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
Line 2,037: Line 2,110:
|-
|-
|}
|}
The past stem was also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel *''-i-''<!-- (which becomes ''-ī-'' in the case of heavy ''j''-presents)-->. The past participle was formed based on the present stem (with some caveats that will be discussed below).
The past stem was also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel *''-i-''. The past participle was formed based on the present stem (with some caveats that will be discussed below).


Strong verbs can be classified into classes based on how the past stem was formed:
Strong verbs can be classified into classes based on how the past stem was formed:
Line 2,460: Line 2,533:
| *st'''êndō'''
| *st'''êndō'''
|-
|-
|}
|}-->


====Weak verbs====
====Weak verbs====
<!--
Weak verbs did not change their stem, and they took the following endings in the past indicative:
Weak verbs did not change their stem, and they took the following endings in the past indicative:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
Line 2,479: Line 2,553:
#*The present stem contained a *''-(i)j-'' and was conjugated in the same way as strong ''j''-presents.
#*The present stem contained a *''-(i)j-'' and was conjugated in the same way as strong ''j''-presents.
#*The past indicative had the connector vowel ''-(i)ja-''.
#*The past indicative had the connector vowel ''-(i)ja-''.
-
<!--Like strong verbs, weak verbs include. light and heavy ''j''-presents. However, unlike strong verbs, this ending is also included in -->
====='''Class 1'''=====
====='''Class 1'''=====
Class 1 weak verbs conjugated similarly to ''j''-present strong verbs in all non-past forms.
Class 1 weak verbs conjugated similarly to ''j''-present strong verbs in all non-past forms.
Line 2,502: Line 2,574:


The past indicative had a connector vowel *''-a-'', and the past subjunctive had a connector vowel *''-i-''. The past participle had no connector vowel.
The past indicative had a connector vowel *''-a-'', and the past subjunctive had a connector vowel *''-i-''. The past participle had no connector vowel.
-->


====Preterite-present verbs====
====Preterite-present verbs====
<!--
Preterite-present verbs were verbs whose present tenses conjugated as a strong past (of any class). Preterite-present verbs had weak pasts.
Preterite-present verbs were verbs whose present tenses conjugated as a strong past (of any class). Preterite-present verbs had weak pasts.


Line 2,606: Line 2,680:
| *būindō
| *būindō
|-
|-
|}-->
|}


The verb "to be" had two stems ''*(i)s-'' and ''*beu/bus-''. They were in fact two verbs, ''*immį'' "to be" and ''*biumį'' "to be, become", which overlapped in some forms (namely the past indicative, both participles, and the imperative).
The verb "to be" had two stems ''*(i)s-'' and ''*beu/bus-''. They were in fact two verbs, ''*immį'' "to be" and ''*biumį'' "to be, become", which overlapped in some forms (namely the past indicative, both participles, and the imperative).
Line 2,691: Line 2,765:
| *beundō
| *beundō
|-
|-
|}
|}-->


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''*þimfaz''===
===Time - ''*hēsaz''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''*jōras þimfizō''
|+ Seasons - ''*katō hēsai''
! English !! Proto-Tungric
! English !! Proto-Rugic
|-
|-
| spring || *wesar (*wesn-; ''n.'', ''r/n''-stem)
| spring || *westrō (''f.'', ''ō''-stem)
|-
|-
| summer || *aisōþs (''f.'', cons.-stem)
| summer || *laidą (''n.'', ''a''-stem)
|-
|-
| fall || *missiz (''f.'', ''i''-stem)
| fall || *aziniz (''f.'', ''i''-stem)
|-
|-
| winter || *gē₂mz (*gē₂m-; ''f.'', cons.-stem)
| winter || *dīmō (''f.'', ''ō''-stem)
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 2,767: Line 2,841:
-->
-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''*tē₂wiz farþēz''
|+ Parts of the day - ''*tīnō tailai''
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
|-  
|-  
| day || *teuz (''m.'', ''u''-stem<sup><small>1</small></sup>)
| day || *tīnaz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
|-
|-
| dawn || *ausōz (''f.'', ''z''-stem)
| dawn || *garjō (''f.'', ''ō''-stem)
|-
|-
| morning || *mōdūraz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
| morning || *austrō (''f.'', ''ō''-stem)
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
Line 2,782: Line 2,856:
|-
|-
-->
-->
| evening || *wesperaz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
| evening || *weheraz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
Line 2,788: Line 2,862:
|-
|-
-->
-->
| night || *nahts (''f.'', cons.-stem)
| night || *nahtiz (''f.'', ''i''-stem)
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
Line 2,794: Line 2,868:
-->
-->
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
<sup><small>1</small></sup> Expected **''-ea-'' was coalesced to *''-ē₂-'' (e.g. nominative plural was ''*tē₂wiz'' rather than ''*teawiz'').


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''*þimfiziz mēþēz''
|+ Units of time - ''*hēsō mēþīz''
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
|-  
|-  
Line 2,810: Line 2,881:
| hour ||  
| hour ||  
|-
|-
| day || *teuz (''m.'', ''u''-stem, irregular)
| day || *tīnaz (''m.'', ''o''-stem)
|-
|-
| week || *sirį̄ (''f.'', ''īn''-stem)
| week || *seftumō (''f.'', ''ō''-stem)
|-
|-
| month || *mēns (*mēns-, ''m.'', cons.-stem)
| month || *mēnsiz (''m.'', ''i''-stem)
|-
|-
| season || *þimfaz (''n.'', ''z''-stem)
| season || *hēsaz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
|-
|-
| year || *aþnaz (''m.'', ''a''-stem); *jōraz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
| year || *kataz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''*þimfiziz werdō''
|+ Time adverbs - ''*hēsō wardō''
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
|-
|-
| now || *nu, *nū
| now || *nu, *nū
|-
|-
| then || *þan
| then || *þat
|-
|-
| recently, a short time ago ||  
| recently, a short time ago ||  
|-
|-
| earlier || *anþ
| earlier ||  
|-
|-
| soon, shortly || *mahs
| soon, shortly ||  
|-
|-
| later ||  
| later ||  
|-
|-
| always || *simfer
| always || *wist
|-
|-
| often || *saif
| often || *hinstō
|-
|-
| sometimes ||  
| sometimes ||  
Line 2,846: Line 2,917:
| rarely ||  
| rarely ||  
|-
|-
| never || *ne aiwą
| never || *ne waihaz
|-
|-
| ever || *aiwą
| ever || *waihaz
|-
|-
| still, yet || *int
| still, yet || *esk
|-
|-
| already || *anþ
| already || *jau(k)
<!--
<!--
|-
|-
Line 2,860: Line 2,931:
-->
-->
|-
|-
| yesterday || *gizi; *gester-
| yesterday ||  
<!--
<!--
|-
|-
Line 2,866: Line 2,937:
-->
-->
|-
|-
| tomorrow || *hrōz
| tomorrow ||  
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
Line 2,884: Line 2,955:
|}
|}


===Colours - ''*helaziz''===
===Colours - ''*hwaidai''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''*helaziz''
|+ Colours - ''*hwaidai''
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
|-
|-
| white || *albaz
| white || *palaz; *plaitaz
|-
|-
| grey || *hasnaz
| grey || *sīwaz
|-
|-
| black || *ōþraz
| black || *hirznaz
|-
|-
| red || *raudaz, *rausaz
| red || *rautaz; *rūtijaz
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
Line 2,901: Line 2,972:
|-
|-
-->
-->
| brown || *patjaz, *duswaz
| brown || *pēraz
|-
|-
| yellow || *gelwaz, *blāwaz
| yellow || *kildaz; *falwaz
|-
|-
| green || *wīsidaz
| green || *krēnaz; *daljaz
|-
|-
| blue || *hilizijaz
| blue || *matraz
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
Line 2,922: Line 2,993:
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
Afnijai gamaniz lauderai gaflōnaihw han tehnadōþi jawizihw galōþai sind. Sabiz attōnōþōi sind raþjǭ gaskīndijǭhw, eþ alþerabiz anamǭ brōþrōlijǭ frōdamį þeþalēri<!--tēgabēnþ-->.
<!--
Afnijai gamaniz lauderai gaflōnaihw han tehnadōþi jawizihw galōþai sind. Sabiz attōnōþōi sind raþjǭ gaskīndijǭhw, eþ alþerabiz anamǭ brōþrōlijǭ frōdamį þeþalēri<!--tēgabēnþ.


'''Translation:''' All humans are born free and equal with dignity and rights. Reason and conscience are given to them, and they must show others a brotherly spirit.
'''Translation:''' All humans are born free and equal with dignity and rights. Reason and conscience are given to them, and they must show others a brotherly spirit.
Shariifka
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