Proto-Rugic: Difference between revisions

The Balto-Slavic base of Proto-Rugic (known as Pre-Proto-Rugic, or PPR for short) had the following features:

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*PPR lacked the merger of Proto-Italic /θ, xʷ, f/ that occurred in all attested Italic languages. Instead, each of these merged with its voiced counterpart, as did /x/.  

These were a subset of ''a/ō''-stem adjectives with lengthened endings. They arose by contraction from adjectives whose stems originally ended in ''-aj-'', after the loss of intervocalic ''-j-''.

These were declined identically to ''ja/jō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-iz'' and *''-į/it'' respectively instead of the expected **''-(i)jaz'' and **''-(i)ją/(i)jat''. Additionally, the masculine accusative singular could take the ending *''-in'' as an alternative to expected *''-(i)jan''.

These were declined identically to ''a/ō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-s/z'' and *''—'' respectively (or other irregular ending(s)) instead of the expected **''-az'' and **''-ą/at''.

===Pronouns===

====Reflexive/Intensive pronoun====

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center

! colspan="7"| Strong

| *safsambaz

|-

====Neutral demonstrative====

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center

! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter

| *izabaz

|-

====Near demonstrative====

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center

! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter

| *gegabaz

|-

====Far demonstrative====

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center

! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter

| *allabaz

|-

====Interrogative pronouns====

*''*hwai'' "what, who"

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center

! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter

===Verbs===

====Strong verbs====

Strong verbs were characterized by a past stem that was (usually) different from the present stem and that took the following personal endings in the indicative:

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"

|-

|}

Strong verbs can be classified into classes based on how the past stem was formed:

| *st'''êndō'''

|-

====Weak verbs====

Weak verbs did not change their stem, and they took the following endings in the past indicative:

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"

#*The present stem contained a *''-(i)j-'' and was conjugated in the same way as strong ''j''-presents.

#*The past indicative had the connector vowel ''-(i)ja-''.

====='''Class 1'''=====

Class 1 weak verbs conjugated similarly to ''j''-present strong verbs in all non-past forms.

The past indicative had a connector vowel *''-a-'', and the past subjunctive had a connector vowel *''-i-''. The past participle had no connector vowel.

====Preterite-present verbs====

Preterite-present verbs were verbs whose present tenses conjugated as a strong past (of any class). Preterite-present verbs had weak pasts.

| *būindō

|-

The verb "to be" had two stems ''*(i)s-'' and ''*beu/bus-''. They were in fact two verbs, ''*immį'' "to be" and ''*biumį'' "to be, become", which overlapped in some forms (namely the past indicative, both participles, and the imperative).

| *beundō

|-

==Syntax==

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==Vocabulary==

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"

! English !! Proto-Rugic

|-

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"

! English !! Proto-Tungric  

|-  

| hour ||  

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|}

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"

! English !! Proto-Tungric  

|-

| now || *nu, *nū

|-

|-

| recently, a short time ago ||  

|-

|-

|-

| later ||  

|-

|-

|-

| sometimes ||  

| rarely ||  

|-

|-

|-

|-

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-->

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|}

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"

! English !! Proto-Tungric  

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

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-->

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<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->

===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===

'''Translation:''' All humans are born free and equal with dignity and rights. Reason and conscience are given to them, and they must show others a brotherly spirit.