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Proto-Rugic: Difference between revisions
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The Balto-Slavic base of Proto-Rugic (known as Pre-Proto-Rugic, or PPR for short) had the following features: | The Balto-Slavic base of Proto-Rugic (known as Pre-Proto-Rugic, or PPR for short) had the following features: | ||
*PPR | *PPR lacked the ''*eu'' to *''jau'' sound change that affected all known Balto-Slavic languages. Alternatively, if this sound change did happen, it was reversed. | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
*PPR lacked the merger of Proto-Italic /θ, xʷ, f/ that occurred in all attested Italic languages. Instead, each of these merged with its voiced counterpart, as did /x/. | *PPR lacked the merger of Proto-Italic /θ, xʷ, f/ that occurred in all attested Italic languages. Instead, each of these merged with its voiced counterpart, as did /x/. | ||
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These were a subset of ''a/ō''-stem adjectives with lengthened endings. They arose by contraction from adjectives whose stems originally ended in ''-aj-'', after the loss of intervocalic ''-j-''. | These were a subset of ''a/ō''-stem adjectives with lengthened endings. They arose by contraction from adjectives whose stems originally ended in ''-aj-'', after the loss of intervocalic ''-j-''. | ||
====''i''-stem adjectives==== | <!--====''i''-stem adjectives==== | ||
These were declined identically to ''ja/jō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-iz'' and *''-į/it'' respectively instead of the expected **''-(i)jaz'' and **''-(i)ją/(i)jat''. Additionally, the masculine accusative singular could take the ending *''-in'' as an alternative to expected *''-(i)jan''. | These were declined identically to ''ja/jō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-iz'' and *''-į/it'' respectively instead of the expected **''-(i)jaz'' and **''-(i)ją/(i)jat''. Additionally, the masculine accusative singular could take the ending *''-in'' as an alternative to expected *''-(i)jan''. | ||
- | |||
The weak forms were identical to those of ''ja/jō''-stems.--> | |||
<!--====Consonant-stem adjectives==== | |||
====Consonant-stem adjectives==== | |||
These were declined identically to ''a/ō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-s/z'' and *''—'' respectively (or other irregular ending(s)) instead of the expected **''-az'' and **''-ą/at''. | These were declined identically to ''a/ō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-s/z'' and *''—'' respectively (or other irregular ending(s)) instead of the expected **''-az'' and **''-ą/at''. | ||
- | |||
The weak forms were identical to those of ''a/ō''-stems. | The weak forms were identical to those of ''a/ō''-stems.--> | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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====Reflexive/Intensive pronoun==== | ====Reflexive/Intensive pronoun==== | ||
<!-- | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
! colspan="7"| Strong | ! colspan="7"| Strong | ||
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| *safsambaz | | *safsambaz | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |}--> | ||
====Neutral demonstrative==== | ====Neutral demonstrative==== | ||
<!-- | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter | ! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter | ||
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| *izabaz | | *izabaz | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |}--> | ||
====Near demonstrative==== | ====Near demonstrative==== | ||
<!-- | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter | ! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter | ||
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| *gegabaz | | *gegabaz | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |}--> | ||
====Far demonstrative==== | ====Far demonstrative==== | ||
<!-- | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter | ! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter | ||
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| *allabaz | | *allabaz | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |}--> | ||
====Interrogative pronouns==== | ====Interrogative pronouns==== | ||
<!-- | |||
*''*hwai'' "what, who" | *''*hwai'' "what, who" | ||
<!-- | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter | ! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Strong verbs==== | ====Strong verbs==== | ||
<!-- | |||
Strong verbs were characterized by a past stem that was (usually) different from the present stem and that took the following personal endings in the indicative: | Strong verbs were characterized by a past stem that was (usually) different from the present stem and that took the following personal endings in the indicative: | ||
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
The past stem was also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel *''-i-'' | The past stem was also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel *''-i-''. The past participle was formed based on the present stem (with some caveats that will be discussed below). | ||
Strong verbs can be classified into classes based on how the past stem was formed: | Strong verbs can be classified into classes based on how the past stem was formed: | ||
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| *st'''êndō''' | | *st'''êndō''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |}--> | ||
====Weak verbs==== | ====Weak verbs==== | ||
<!-- | |||
Weak verbs did not change their stem, and they took the following endings in the past indicative: | Weak verbs did not change their stem, and they took the following endings in the past indicative: | ||
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
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#*The present stem contained a *''-(i)j-'' and was conjugated in the same way as strong ''j''-presents. | #*The present stem contained a *''-(i)j-'' and was conjugated in the same way as strong ''j''-presents. | ||
#*The past indicative had the connector vowel ''-(i)ja-''. | #*The past indicative had the connector vowel ''-(i)ja-''. | ||
====='''Class 1'''===== | ====='''Class 1'''===== | ||
Class 1 weak verbs conjugated similarly to ''j''-present strong verbs in all non-past forms. | Class 1 weak verbs conjugated similarly to ''j''-present strong verbs in all non-past forms. | ||
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The past indicative had a connector vowel *''-a-'', and the past subjunctive had a connector vowel *''-i-''. The past participle had no connector vowel. | The past indicative had a connector vowel *''-a-'', and the past subjunctive had a connector vowel *''-i-''. The past participle had no connector vowel. | ||
--> | |||
====Preterite-present verbs==== | ====Preterite-present verbs==== | ||
<!-- | |||
Preterite-present verbs were verbs whose present tenses conjugated as a strong past (of any class). Preterite-present verbs had weak pasts. | Preterite-present verbs were verbs whose present tenses conjugated as a strong past (of any class). Preterite-present verbs had weak pasts. | ||
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| *būindō | | *būindō | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
The verb "to be" had two stems ''*(i)s-'' and ''*beu/bus-''. They were in fact two verbs, ''*immį'' "to be" and ''*biumį'' "to be, become", which overlapped in some forms (namely the past indicative, both participles, and the imperative). | The verb "to be" had two stems ''*(i)s-'' and ''*beu/bus-''. They were in fact two verbs, ''*immį'' "to be" and ''*biumį'' "to be, become", which overlapped in some forms (namely the past indicative, both participles, and the imperative). | ||
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| *beundō | | *beundō | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |}--> | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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! English !! Proto-Tungric | ! English !! Proto-Tungric | ||
|- | |- | ||
| white || *palaz | | white || *palaz; *plaitaz | ||
|- | |- | ||
| grey || * | | grey || *sīwaz | ||
|- | |- | ||
| black || * | | black || *hirznaz | ||
|- | |- | ||
| red || *rautaz | | red || *rautaz; *rūtijaz | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
--> | --> | ||
| brown || | | brown || *pēraz | ||
|- | |- | ||
| yellow || | | yellow || *kildaz; *falwaz | ||
|- | |- | ||
| green || | | green || *krēnaz; *daljaz | ||
|- | |- | ||
| blue || | | blue || *matraz | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
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<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | <!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ||
Afnijai gamaniz lauderai gaflōnaihw han tehnadōþi jawizihw galōþai sind. Sabiz attōnōþōi sind raþjǭ gaskīndijǭhw, eþ alþerabiz anamǭ brōþrōlijǭ frōdamį þeþalēri<!--tēgabēnþ | <!-- | ||
Afnijai gamaniz lauderai gaflōnaihw han tehnadōþi jawizihw galōþai sind. Sabiz attōnōþōi sind raþjǭ gaskīndijǭhw, eþ alþerabiz anamǭ brōþrōlijǭ frōdamį þeþalēri<!--tēgabēnþ. | |||
'''Translation:''' All humans are born free and equal with dignity and rights. Reason and conscience are given to them, and they must show others a brotherly spirit. | '''Translation:''' All humans are born free and equal with dignity and rights. Reason and conscience are given to them, and they must show others a brotherly spirit. | ||