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Antarctican: Difference between revisions
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Vowels in Antarctican can have either modal, tense or breathy voice. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a glottal stop after the syllable e.g. /aʔ/) are pronounced with a high or rising pitch, and vowels with breathy voice (marked with a voiced /h/ after the syllable e.g. /aɦ/) are pronounced with a low or falling pitch. This distinction is phonemic e.g. | Vowels in Antarctican can have either modal, tense or breathy voice. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a glottal stop after the syllable e.g. /aʔ/) are pronounced with a high or rising pitch, and vowels with breathy voice (marked with a voiced /h/ after the syllable e.g. /aɦ/) are pronounced with a low or falling pitch. This distinction is phonemic e.g. | ||
*kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive*kúow | *kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive | ||
*kúow /kouʔ/ - bigot, absolutive | |||
Tense voice cannot occur on highvowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. | |||
====Vowel length==== | |||
As well as vowel phonation, vowel length is also phonemic, on both monophthongs and diphthongs e.g. | As well as vowel phonation, vowel length is also phonemic, on both monophthongs and diphthongs e.g. | ||
*kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive*kuuow /koːu/ - a frozen object, absolutive====Phonation restrictions==== | *kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive*kuuow /koːu/ - a frozen object, absolutive | ||
However, not every vowel can have every kind of phonation e.g. tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Similarly, breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on front vowels, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. The permissible combinations of vowel quality and phonation are listed below:{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;" | |||
====Phonation restrictions==== | |||
However, not every vowel can have every kind of phonation e.g. tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Similarly, breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on front vowels, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. The permissible combinations of vowel quality and phonation are listed below: | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;" | |||
|+'''Monophthong phonation''' | |+'''Monophthong phonation''' | ||
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|}*Vowels in green are found everywhere. | |} | ||
*Vowels in green are found everywhere. | |||
*Vowels in pink are phonemic at the end of words, where they mark ergative case, and are allophones elsewhere. They occur before another syllable beginning with a voiced consonant followed by a modally voiced vowel. The vowel that they are an allophone of is indicated afterwards. | *Vowels in pink are phonemic at the end of words, where they mark ergative case, and are allophones elsewhere. They occur before another syllable beginning with a voiced consonant followed by a modally voiced vowel. The vowel that they are an allophone of is indicated afterwards. | ||
*Vowels in blue are phonemic at the end of words, where they mark comitative case, and are allophones elsewhere. They occur before another syllable beginning with a voiceless consonant followed by a modally voiced vowel. The vowel that they are an allophone of is indicated afterwards. | *Vowels in blue are phonemic at the end of words, where they mark comitative case, and are allophones elsewhere. They occur before another syllable beginning with a voiceless consonant followed by a modally voiced vowel. The vowel that they are an allophone of is indicated afterwards. | ||
*Vowels in orange are only found in reduplications. Antarctican uses reduplication in its morphology, however it only partially reduplicates diphthongs, reducing them to monophthongs in the reduplicated syllable e.g. | *Vowels in orange are only found in reduplications. Antarctican uses reduplication in its morphology, however it only partially reduplicates diphthongs, reducing them to monophthongs in the reduplicated syllable e.g. | ||
kúowntátu /kouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintance, absolutive | *kúowntátu /kouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintance, absolutive | ||
*kúokúowntátu /koʔkouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintances (of each other), absolutive | |||
kúokúowntátu /koʔkouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintances (of each other), absolutive | |||
When such diphthongs are truncated, it is always only the first part of it that is preserved e.g. /eiʔ/ and /euʔ/ both shorten to /eiʔ/, /oiʔ/ and /ouʔ/ both shorten to /oʔ/ etc. | When such diphthongs are truncated, it is always only the first part of it that is preserved e.g. /eiʔ/ and /euʔ/ both shorten to /eiʔ/, /oiʔ/ and /ouʔ/ both shorten to /oʔ/ etc. | ||
Vowels marked with an asterisk do not contrast for length. | Vowels marked with an asterisk do not contrast for length. | ||
There are similar restrictions on diphthongs: | There are similar restrictions on diphthongs: | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+''' | |+'''Diphthong phonation''' | ||
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|} | |} | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+''' | |+'''Diphthong phonation''' | ||
|- | |- | ||