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Jovlish: Difference between revisions
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{{legend|#0080FE|...as a majority language}} | {{legend|#0080FE|...as a majority language}} | ||
{{legend|#88C4FE|...as a minority language}} | {{legend|#88C4FE|...as a minority language}} | ||
|map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg | |||
|mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Jovlish is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[w:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}} | |||
|notice = IPA | |notice = IPA | ||
|ethnicity = Jovler | |ethnicity = Jovler | ||
| Line 108: | Line 110: | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Old Jovlish=== | |||
====Vowels==== | |||
====Consonants==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] | |||
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]] | |||
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] | |||
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-Alveolar]] | |||
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | |||
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] | |||
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]] | |||
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]] | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | |||
| m | |||
| | |||
| n | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]] | |||
! style="font-weight:bold; font-size:small;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]] | |||
| p | |||
| | |||
| t | |||
| t͡ʃ ⟨ć⟩ | |||
| | |||
| k ⟨c⟩ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold; font-size:small;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]] | |||
| b | |||
| | |||
| d | |||
| d͡ʒ ⟨ǧ⟩ | |||
| | |||
| ɡ ⟨g⟩ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | |||
! style="font-weight:bold; font-size:small;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]] | |||
| f | |||
| θ ⟨þ⟩ | |||
| s | |||
| ʃ ⟨sć⟩ | |||
| (ç) | |||
| colspan="2" | x~χ ⟨h⟩ | |||
| (h) | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold; font-size:small;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]] | |||
| v ⟨f, ƀ⟩ | |||
| (ð) | |||
| z ⟨s⟩ | |||
| | |||
| (ʝ) | |||
| | |||
| ʁ ⟨ǥ, ł, ɍ⟩ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| r | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| l | |||
| | |||
| j ⟨ǵ, i⟩ | |||
| w ⟨uu⟩ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
Notes: | |||
* /ð/ is an allophone of /θ/ when inter-vocalic or clustered with a voiced consonant. The same applies to the voicing pairs /v z/ and /f s/, though /v z/ have since become phonemic. | |||
* /ç ʝ/ are allophones of /x~χ ʁ/ near /i(ː) y(ː) e(ː) ø/. | |||
* /h/ is an allophone of /x~χ/ morpheme-initially. | |||
====Phonological shifts from Old English==== | |||
===Middle Jovlish=== | |||
====Vowels==== | |||
====Consonants==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] | |||
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]] | |||
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] | |||
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-Alveolar]] | |||
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | |||
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] | |||
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]] | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | |||
| m | |||
| | |||
| n | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]] | |||
! style="font-weight:bold; font-size:small;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]] | |||
| p | |||
| | |||
| t | |||
| t͡ʃ ⟨tj⟩ | |||
| | |||
| k ⟨c⟩ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold; font-size:small;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]] | |||
| b | |||
| | |||
| d | |||
| d͡ʒ ⟨ǧ, dj⟩ | |||
| | |||
| ɡ ⟨g⟩ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | |||
! style="font-weight:bold; font-size:small;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]] | |||
| f | |||
| θ ⟨þ⟩ | |||
| s | |||
| ʃ ⟨sć, ć⟩ | |||
| ç ⟨h, i⟩ | |||
| | |||
| χ ⟨h⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold; font-size:small;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]] | |||
| v ⟨f, ƀ⟩ | |||
| (ð) | |||
| z ⟨s⟩ | |||
| | |||
| (ʝ) | |||
| | |||
| ʁ ⟨ł⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| r | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| l | |||
| | |||
| j ⟨ǵ, j⟩ | |||
| w ⟨w, l⟩ | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
Notes: | |||
* although Old Jovlish /t͡ʃ/ merges with /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/ is re-introduced into Middle Jovlish through laonwords. | |||
====Phonological shifts from Old Jovlish==== | |||
===Modern Jovlish=== | |||
====Phonological shifts from Middle Jovlish==== | |||
==Orthographies== | ==Orthographies== | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
==Sample text== | ==Sample text== | ||