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Catch Up with the Master PDF
(Noun Cases, Adjective Cases, Small Tweaks) |
(Catch Up with the Master PDF) |
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|sil = <!-- The SIL definition. --> | |sil = <!-- The SIL definition. --> | ||
}} | }} | ||
Everyone should learn this lang :D | Everyone should learn this lang :D | ||
More info on: https://howlingwolfriend.neocities.org/lang | More info on: https://howlingwolfriend.neocities.org/lang | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Consonants | |+ Consonants | ||
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
The table below displays the syllables that change depending on a specific condition, or at all times. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Phonotactics | |||
|- | |||
! Syllable !! Change !! Condition | |||
|- | |||
| <center>τı/ti</center> || <center>τγı/tji</center> || <center>None</center> | |||
|- | |||
| <center>ϧı/di</center> || <center>ϧγı/dji</center> || <center>None</center> | |||
|- | |||
| <center>vu/wu /wu/</center> || <center>vu/wu /u:/</center> || <center>None</center> | |||
|- | |||
| <center>vμ/wuo /wɯ/</center> || <center>vμ/wuo /ɯ:/</center> || <center>None</center> | |||
|- | |||
| <center>yı/yi /ji/</center> || <center>yı/yi /i:/</center> || <center>None</center> | |||
|- | |||
| <center>yη/yie /jy/</center> || <center>yη/yie /y:/</center> || <center>None</center> | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
=== | === Syllable Structure === | ||
The first syllable of the word (onset) has the structure of: (C)V(F), where (C) is the optional consonant, (F) is the optional final and V is the mandatory vowel. Every other syllable of the word follows the structure of: CV(F), where C is the mandatory consonant, V is the mandatory vowel and (F) is the optional final. | |||
=== Word Order === | |||
Word order is fluid. Any order is accepted, and using different word orders is an useful literary feature. | |||
=== Stress === | |||
Just like the word order, stress is also fluid. This language was developed with a presumed stress on the penultimate syllable, and this is the default stress without any markers. But any stress position is accepted and the marker ' can be used to move the stress to the proceding syllable. Also an useful literary feature. | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Every noun needs to follow and be contained within one of the categories below, determined by the vowel of the last syllable. | |||
==== Classes ==== | ==== Classes ==== | ||
* Objects, Elements: -u | * Objects, Elements: -u | ||
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==== Cases ==== | ==== Cases ==== | ||
Additionally, any noun can be inflected in case by using a specific final character at the last syllable of the noun. | Additionally, any noun can be inflected in case by using a specific final character at the last syllable of the noun. | ||
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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives have the last syllable with "η/ie" as the vowel. Adjectives also have cases, which is represented by the final used at the last syllable. | Adjectives have the last syllable with "η/ie" as the vowel. Adjectives also have cases, which is represented by the final used at the last syllable. | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
The base form of verbs have a final "-κκ/-kh". Conjugation is done by adding an extra syllable at the end, each part of the extra syllable acts as an unique modifier to the verb. | |||
==== Forms ==== | ==== Forms ==== | ||
Verbal forms don't accept other modifiers and are used standalone. | |||
===== Infinitive Form ===== | ===== Infinitive Form ===== | ||
The base form of the verb (ends in "-κκ/-kh"). Acts as a noun that represents the action being done. | |||
===== Participle Form ===== | ===== Participle Form ===== | ||
Terminates in "-κκnη/-khnie". Acts as an adjective that means "one that/which <verb>", it is equivalent to the Habitual Aspect, but without needing a relative particle. | |||
===== Agentive Form ===== | ===== Agentive Form ===== | ||
Terminates in "-κκmμ/-khmuo". Acts as a noun that represents one that performs the verb, equivalent to the -er termination in English. | |||
==== Moods (consonant) ==== | ==== Moods (consonant) ==== | ||
Verbal moods are represented by the consonant of the modifier syllable after "-κκ/-kh". | |||
===== Indicative Mood ===== | ===== Indicative Mood ===== | ||
Uses the consonant "n". Represents an action that happens in reality. | |||
===== Inferential Mood ===== | ===== Inferential Mood ===== | ||
Uses the consonant "ϝ/f". Represents an action that was not witnessed and/or is uncertain. | |||
===== Imperative Mood ===== | ===== Imperative Mood ===== | ||
Uses the consonant "ϧγ/dj". Represents a request done directly to the second person, the subject is optional when using this verbal mood. | |||
===== Jussive Mood ===== | ===== Jussive Mood ===== | ||
Uses the consonant "ϧ/d". Represents a request, suggestion or advice done to the third person, This third person can be specified with an extra noun in the ergative case immediately after the verb. | |||
===== Potential Mood ===== | ===== Potential Mood ===== | ||
Uses the consonant "m". Represents an event that is likely in the opinion of the speaker. | |||
===== Presumptive Mood ===== | ===== Presumptive Mood ===== | ||
Uses the consonant "ϩ/sj". Represents an hypothesis or a supposition being presented by the speaker. | |||
===== Optative Mood ===== | ===== Optative Mood ===== | ||
Uses the consonant "y". Represents a wish or desire of the speaker. | |||
===== Epistemic Mood ===== | ===== Epistemic Mood ===== | ||
Uses the consonant "v/w". Represents a belief or opinion of the speaker. | |||
==== Voice (vowel) ==== | ==== Voice (vowel) ==== | ||
Verbal voice is represented by the vowel of the modifier syllable. | |||
===== Active Voice ===== | ===== Active Voice ===== | ||
Uses the vowel "a". In this voice there is the presence of the subject and the object. | |||
===== Antipassive Voice ===== | ===== Antipassive Voice ===== | ||
Uses the vowel "ε/ea". In this voice the object is not present, and the verb is treated as intransitive. | |||
===== Impersonal Voice ===== | ===== Impersonal Voice ===== | ||
Uses the vowel "ϰ/oc". In this voice the subject is not present. | |||
==== Aspect (final) ==== | ==== Aspect (final) ==== | ||
Verbal aspect is represented by the final of the modifier syllable. | |||
===== Continuous Aspect ===== | ===== Continuous Aspect ===== | ||
Used by not having any finals on the modifier syllable. Indicates that the event is ongoing at some point in time. | |||
===== Perfective Aspect ===== | ===== Perfective Aspect ===== | ||
Uses the final "-e". Indicates that the event has finished at some point in time. | |||
===== Momentane Aspect ===== | ===== Momentane Aspect ===== | ||
Uses the final "-s". Similar to the perfective aspect, but the event has only happened once. | |||
===== Habitual Aspect ===== | ===== Habitual Aspect ===== | ||
Uses the final "-κκ/-kh". Indicates that the event is done regularly as a routine, habit or tradition. | |||
===== Stative Aspect ===== | ===== Stative Aspect ===== | ||
Uses the final "-o". Indicates an affirmation that is true permanently or for a long time without changing. | |||
===== Iterative Aspect ===== | ===== Iterative Aspect ===== | ||
Uses the final "-τγ/-th". Indicates an event that is being done again or multiple times in a row. | |||
=== Particles === | |||
==== Connective Particles ==== | |||
* Particle of Addition (and): κı /ʔkiʔ/ | |||
* Particle of Opposition (but, yet): ϧγı /ʔʒiʔ/ | |||
* Particle of Alternance (or): ϕ /ʔɑʔ/ | |||
* Particle of Causality (for, because): yıκκ /ʔi:kʔ/ | |||
* Particle of Consequence (so, thus): μκκ /ʔɯkʔ/ | |||
* Particle of Purpose (in order to): aκκ /ʔakʔ/ | |||
* Particle of Substitution (instead): vı /ʔwiʔ/ | |||
* Particle of Similarity (similar to): ϱı /ʔziʔ/ | |||
=== | ==== Attributive Particles ==== | ||
* Particle of Attribution (N1 is N2): η /yʔ/ | |||
* Particle of Existance (N exists): u /uʔ/ | |||
* Particle of Utility (using N): μ /ɯʔ/ | |||
* Particle of Negation (not N): ϰ /ɔʔ/ | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | <!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | ||
<!-- Template area --> | <!-- Template area --> | ||