Bźatga: Difference between revisions

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→‎Nouns
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns have no grammatical gender but are marked for case and number. There are two cases in the singular: the '''Nominative-Accusative''' (NA) which is used for the subject and direct object of verbs; and the '''Oblique''' (O) which is used following prepositions and in some other constructions. Case is not marked in the plural and each noun has only a single plural form.
Nouns have no grammatical gender but are marked for case, number and definiteness. There are two cases in the singular: the '''Nominative-Accusative''' (NA) which is used for the subject and direct object of verbs; and the '''Oblique''' (O) which is used following prepositions and in some other constructions. Case is not marked in the plural.  


Nouns belong to one of four declensions based on the final letter of the word:
Nouns belong to one of four declensions based on the NASg. Indef:
* 1st and 2nd declension end in a vowel (''-a'' or ''-e'')
* 3rd declension end in a consonant
* 4th declension have a stem in -n but a NASg Indef. in a vowel marked with a hook (e.g. ''aų'').
 
Every noun has an ''Indefinite'' and a ''Definite'' form for each case and number. All definite nouns are declined according to the 1st declension though the noun is still considered to belong to its original declension. Definite forms are only used in the absence of another determiner, such as a possessive adjective, and are not usually used with proper nouns.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 50px; "| Decl.
! rowspan="2;" colspan="2;"| Decl.
! colspan="2;" align="center" | Singular  
! colspan="2;" align="center" | Singular  
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 150px;"  align="center" | Plural
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 150px;"  align="center" | Plural
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 300px;" align="center" | Notes
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 150px;" |
|-
|-
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Nom.-Acc.
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Nom.-Acc.
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Oblique
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Oblique
|-
|-
! align="center"| 1
! align="center" rowspan="2;" style="width: 50px;"| 1
| align="center"| ''dońa'' "person"
! align="center" style="width: 75px;"| Indef.
| align="center"| ''dońa''
| align="center"| ''dońu''
| align="center"| ''dońu''
| align="center"| ''dońi''
| align="center"| ''dońi''
| NA usually ends in ''-a''
| align="center" rowspan="2;"| "person"
|-
! align="center"| Def.
| align="center"| ''dońida''
| align="center"| ''dońidu''
| align="center"| ''dońiẑi''  
|-
|-
! align="center"| 2
! align="center" rowspan="2;" | 2
| align="center"| ''sule'' "sun"
! align="center"| Indef.
| align="center"| ''sule''
| align="center"| ''sule''
| align="center"| ''sule''
| align="center"| ''sułi''
| align="center"| ''sułi''
| NA usually ends in ''-e''
| align="center" rowspan="2;"| "sun"
|-
! align="center"| Def.
| align="center"| ''sułida''
| align="center"| ''sułidu''
| align="center"| ''sułiẑi''  
|-
|-
! align="center"| 3
! align="center" rowspan="2;" | 3
| align="center"| ''troud'' "foot"
! align="center"| Indef.
| align="center"| ''troud''  
| align="center"| ''trouda''
| align="center"| ''trouda''
| align="center"| ''troude''
| align="center"| ''troude''
| NA usually ends in a consonant
| align="center" rowspan="2;"| "foot"
|-
! align="center"| Def.
| align="center"| ''trouẑida''
| align="center"| ''trouẑidu''
| align="center"| ''trouẑiẑi''
|-
|-
! align="center"| 4
! align="center" rowspan="2;" | 4
| align="center"| ''aų'' "name"
! align="center"| Indef.
| align="center"| ''aų''  
| align="center"| ''auna''
| align="center"| ''auna''
| align="center"| ''aune''
| align="center"| ''aune''
| Stem ends in ''-n'', NA ends in a hooked vowel
| align="center" rowspan="2;"| "name"
|-
! align="center"| Def.
| align="center"| ''auńida''
| align="center"| ''auńidu''
| align="center"| ''auńiẑi''  
|}
|}


Notes:
Notes:
* stem-final consonants in 1st and 2nd declension nouns may undergo palatalisation in the plural, e.g. ''vade'' "oracle", pl. ''vaẑi''.  
* stem-final consonants may undergo palatalisation in the Indef. plural and all definite forms, e.g. ''vade'' "oracle", pl. ''vaẑi''.  
* stem-final ''v'' or ''j'' may also disappear before ''-i'' according to rules set out above, e.g. ''căbrova'' "tribesman", pl. ''căbroî''.
* stem-final ''v'' or ''j'' may also disappear before ''-i'' according to rules set out above, e.g. ''căbrova'' "tribesman", pl. ''căbroî''.


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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 50px; "| Decl.
! rowspan="2;" colspan="2;"| Decl.
! colspan="2;" align="center" | Singular  
! colspan="2;" align="center" | Singular  
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 150px;"  align="center" | Plural
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 150px;"  align="center" | Plural
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 150px;" |
|-
|-
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Nom.-Acc.
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Nom.-Acc.
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Oblique
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Oblique
|-
|-
! align="center"| 3
! align="center" rowspan="2;" style="width: 50px" | 3
| align="center"| ''źi'' "king"
! align="center" style="width: 75px;"| Indef.
| align="center"| ''źi''
| align="center"| ''źija''
| align="center"| ''źija''
| align="center"| ''źije''
| align="center"| ''źije''
| align="center" rowspan="2;"| "king"
|-
! align="center"| Def.
| align="center"| ''źîda''
| align="center"| ''źîdu''
| align="center"| ''źîẑi''
|-
|-
! align="center"| 3
! align="center" rowspan="2;" | 3
| align="center"| ''bô'' "cow"
! align="center"| Indef.
| align="center"| ''bô''  
| align="center"| ''bova''
| align="center"| ''bova''
| align="center"| ''bove''
| align="center"| ''bove''
| align="center" rowspan="2;"| "cow"
|-
! align="center"| Def.
| align="center"| ''boîda''
| align="center"| ''boîdu''
| align="center"| ''boîẑi''
|}
|}


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